Leveled reading passage

Here are numbers 1-7. Nonfiction, Lexile BR110L

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He Has Two

A man has two of a number of things. Fiction, Lexile BR10L

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This Plane

A plane moves in different ways. Nonfiction, Lexile BR90L

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Three Birds

Three birds show different positions related to a birdhouse. Fiction, Lexile BR90L

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Big and Little

Many things are big and little. Nonfiction, Lexile BR20L

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Ted Sees a Pond

While on a walk, Ted and his dog see a pond and the things that live there. Fiction, Lexile 40L

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Near the Pond

Many animals are near the pond. Nonfiction, Lexile BR50L

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We Read About Animals

A child and an adult read a book about some animals. Fiction, Lexile 50L

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text-align | htmlbook.

CSS	Internet Explorer		Chrome	Opera	Safari	Firefox	Android	iOS
2.1	6.0+	8.0+	1.0+	3.5 +	1.0+	1.0+	1.0+	1.0+
3			2.0+	11.6+		3.1+	3.6+	2.1+	2.0+

Brief information

Value by default	LEFT
is inherited	9000 9000 9000	http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/text.html#propdef-text-align http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-text/#text-align

versions of CSS

CSS 1	CSS 2	CSS 2.1	CSS 3

Description

determines the horizontal expressing of the text in the limits.

Syntax

CSS2.1	text-align: center \| justify \| left \| right \| inherit
CSS3	text-align: center \| justify \| left \| right \| start \| end

Values

center: Center text alignment. The text is placed in the horizontal center of the window the browser or container where the text block is located. Lines of text like are strung on an invisible axis that runs through the center of the web page. Like the alignment method is actively used in headings and various signatures, like figure captions, it gives an official and respectable look to the design of the text. In all other cases, center alignment is rarely used for the reason that that reading a large amount of such text is inconvenient.
justify: Justify, which means justify left and right edge. To perform this action, the browser in this case adds spaces between words.
left: Left alignment of the text. In this case, lines of text are aligned along the left edge, and the right edge is located in a "ladder". This type of alignment is the most popular on sites because it allows the user to easily look for a new line and comfortably read large text.
right: Right alignment of text. This leveling method is as an antagonist to the previous type. Namely, the lines of text are equal to right edge, and the left remains "torn". Because the left edge is not aligned, namely, reading new lines begins with it, such text is more difficult to read, than if it were left-aligned. So right-aligned edge is usually used for short headings of no more than three lines. We do not consider specific sites where the text has to be read from the right to the left, there perhaps a similar method of alignment will come in handy.
auto: Does not change the position of the element.
inherit: Inherits the value of the parent.
start: Same as left if text goes from left to right and right if text goes from right to left.
end: Same as right if text goes from left to right and left when text goes from right to left.

Example

HTML5CSS2.1IECrOpSaFx

     text-align    Left alignment
 Center alignment
 Right alignment

The result of this example is shown in fig. 1.

Fig. Fig. 1. Text alignment in the Safari browser

Internet Explorer up to version 7. 0 inclusive interprets this example somewhat differently than other browsers, aligning not only text, but also blocks (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Text Alignment in Internet Explorer 7

Object Model

[window.]document.getElementById("elementID").style.textAlign

Browsers

Tables and styles

Fixed design. The Basics

CSS Recipes

How do I align text to the right and left at the same time?
How do I center text?
How do I center a photo on a web page?
How do I add a caption to a photo?
How can I place two words on the same line so that one is left-aligned and the other is right-aligned?

Book terminology, Book terms, what the book consists of

Avantitul (from French Avant - before and lat. Titulus - inscription, title ) - the first page of a double title page, which consists of four pages. The edition includes a frontispiece. It has a compositional and design value, allows you to unload the main title page. Overhead data, output data can be printed on the title; a publisher's mark is also placed on it, sometimes the author's surname and title are repeated.

Alligate (from lat. alligo - I bind ) - 1) . Bound editions. 2) Flip book, a collection of two works, each of which begins on its own side of the binding or cover; to read each collection must be turned over; Each work has its own title page, its own pagination.

Finished canvas is a durable and expensive covering material made from linen or blended (linen/cotton) fibers.

Basma - (from Turk. Basma - imprint ) - small metal stamps used for hand-embossing ornamental patterns on bindings.

Bandages - strips of leather or cardboard, glued to the back before pasting with binding material. After gluing, they form a beautiful relief on the spine.

Blind embossing (from German blind - blind ) - colorless embossing, on binding covers, less often - covers, with the help of stamps that smooth the binding material, deepening it at the place of embossing and changing its texture. With this type of embossing, the image is pressed (without paint and foil) into paper or cardboard. Blind, or "blind" embossing, like hot stamping, can also be used to apply an image to leather and leather substitutes. Blind embossing can be hot or cold. The image is clearly visible on a single-color material with side lighting.

Block - a set of notebooks or sheets bound in a spine, cut off on three sides and prepared for binding.

Booklet - process of converting printed sheets into a covered edition; includes cutting of printed sheets, folding, preparation of blocks.

Initial letter - the first letter of the initial word of a chapter, section, increased in size compared to the usual initial letter, often combined with an illustration, vignette or ornament.

How to properly store books, read on this page

Wakata - a blank page used in the publication for compositional and rhythmic purposes in the design. Sometimes this is the turnover of the title page, shmuttitula.

Vellum paper (from the French vélin - calfskin ) - high-grade (pure cellulose, without wood), well-glued, dense, without a pronounced structure, mostly yellowish paper. In its manufacture, a scooping form was used with a fabric grid that did not leave any prints or lines on a sheet of paper. A dense glossy surface resembles real parchment.

Verger (from French verge - striped ) - white or colored virgin bond paper with watermarks in the form of closely spaced narrow stripes.

Vignette (French vignette, from vigne - grape bush ) - an element of book decoration, a small drawing of an ornamental, subject or plot-thematic nature. Used on binding, title or other special page; can serve as an intro or ending.

Insert illustration is an additional print that is inserted into a book or brochure without being fixed (for example, a diagram in a pocket at the end of a work).

Insert - an illustration sewn or glued to a notebook and placed between text pages.

Bookend Bookend is a bookend containing two or more sheets of paper or cardboard glued together.

Flexible binding (with protruding "bandages") - one-piece binding in which the notebooks are sewn onto "bandages" (a twisted strip of pigskin or hemp cord) that are placed across the spine on the outside of the notebooks. The ends of the bandages are glued to the sides of the binding. This binding is made with a blind spine.

Blind spine - a spine in which the cover material is glued directly to the spines of notebooks (glued or unglued). It is much more durable than the hollow spine, in which the cover material is glued to the paper core.

Head - top edge of book block.

Primer - a preparation of egg white or shellac used to fix gold foil when embossing on the binding and gilding the edges of the work.

Deckle Edge is a characteristic torn edge of handmade paper, created by fibers that fall between the deckle and scoop frames (sieve) during papermaking.

Doublure (from French doublure - lining ) - binding, in which not only the outer, but also the inner side of the binding covers is decorated. May include ornamental borders embossed with gold along the edges of the inside of the lid. In this case, the middle part is tightened with a cloth or embossed parchment.

Jaconette is a white cotton fabric in a sparse or dense weave (depending on the quality), finished with starch to increase stiffness, facilitate processing and prevent glue penetration. It is used to strengthen notebooks, geographical maps, endpapers, block spines and publication hinges.

Rigid sheet - two sheets of paper glued together to increase their density and strength. An example is a glued flyleaf.

Fold is a cover material flap that folds inward around the end of the side to protect it. It is typical for all books, except for books with edged binding.

Edge, shoulder - a rib formed by folded back folds of notebooks of the processed block bent at a right angle, to which the root ends of the cardboard sides of the cover adjoin. The height is equal to the thickness of the cardboard sides of the binding.

Filling - the operation of leveling the inner side of the cardboard side of the binding that is not closed by flaps of the folded cover material by puttying with a special paste or gluing manila or other thin cardboard, called cushioning. It provides a smooth surface of the cover turnover on which the endpaper is pasted.

Lock Stitch - A stitch or knot sewn at the end of the stitching of each block notebook to connect it to the previous one.

Gold foil is gold (or its substitute) electronically deposited on a plastic, paper or cellophane backing.

Gilding of edges - applying gold foil to the ends of the sheets of the work.

Cover making - manual operation of joining two cardboard sides with cover material.

Inlay is a finishing process in which an image is created on the cover by embedding and gluing a material of a different color than the cover material.

Kant - the edges of the binding cover or cover protruding beyond the edge of the block. Kant protects the block from damage and contamination, improves the opening of the book. The size of the edges depends on the format of the book, as well as on the type and purpose of binding.

Kaptal (from German Kaptal, abbreviated from Kaptalband) - a binding element attached at the head and tail of the book block and goes around the spine folds of notebooks between the protruding edges of the binding sides. Previously, it was made in the form of a strip of leather with a border of colored threads tightly braiding the core; this strip was sewn to notebooks. Previously, captal prevented the edges of the book block from collapsing under the weight of the binding, and also reduced damage to the work when it was pulled from the shelf by the binding spine edging. Currently does not perform a protective function and has been replaced by decorative braid

Adhesive binding (seamless binding) - bonding individual sheets with glue. Glue is applied to the edge of the root margins or to the edges of the sheets that have been torched after colliding.

Collage (from French collage - gluing ) - a technique in the visual arts, which consists in creating paintings or graphic works by gluing objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture onto a base. A collage is also called a work entirely made in this technique.

Convolut (from lat. convolutus - folded, woven ) - a collection compiled by its owner from several self-published printed works or manuscripts published at different times, bound in one volume. Convolutes are most often created by bibliophiles, but in the old days they were also made by market book dealers.

Relief stamping (on behalf of the English inventor William Congreve, who proposed this embossing method) - obtaining a multi-level relief (convex-concave) image without foil on paper and cardboard when they are compressed between a stamp and a counter-stamp (respectively, a punch and a matrix), similar to a bas-relief . It is carried out in special embossing presses or in crucible printing machines. Relief stamping is a spectacular technique for designing printed publications.

Countertitle (from lat. contra - versus and lat. titulus - inscription, title ) - the second page of the double title page, located on the same spread with the main title page. In translated editions, the countertitle contains the same information as on the title page, but in the original language.

Spine Fold - fold on the inside margin of a folded notebook. Sometimes it is called a binding field, since it is on it that notebooks are stitched together.

Spine - the end surface of a book block, in which the notebooks or sheets that make up it are fastened.

Kraft paper - durable brown wrapping paper used for additional (secondary) pasting of the spine in order to strengthen it. It is also used for the manufacture of sleeves with a hollow spine binding.

Body-dyed paper is a paper that has a color tint that is introduced during manufacture to give an even tone.

Rounding - giving the spine of a sewn book block a rounded shape with an arc equal to a third of the circle, before the embossing operation.

Covering - covering (pasting) the spine and sides of the binding with fabric, leather, thin parchment or other materials.

Covering sides - in composite binding with leather spine and corners pasting with cloth or paper of the open parts of the cardboard sides of the binding, performed after gluing the leather parts of the binding.

Lasse (from German Lesezeichen - bookmark ) - bookmark ribbon, braid (silk, semi-silk, cotton, wicker). It is glued to the top of the spine of the book block and inserted into the block.

Gauze - a cotton fabric with a sparse weave, dressed with starch to increase rigidity and ease of processing. It is used as a material for the first pasting of the spine.

Moroccan (from French marocain, maroquin - Moroccan ) is an embossed morocco with a beautiful and strong structure. Sometimes paper imitating morocco was used for cover covers.

Marbled Paper is a decorative paper with a "marbled" pattern, obtained by immersing the paper in a pan of water, on the surface of which oil paints float in patterns.

Soft leather binding - a type of binding with enlarged edging that overlaps the edges of the sheets and completely covers them. Usually such a cover is soft, with rounded corners and is used for religious books.

Overlay is a method of finishing a leather binding by gluing pieces of leather of different colors and hand-embossing the edges of these pieces for a secure fit.

Nachsatz (from German Nachsatz) is a back flyleaf, a design element of a book binding in the form of a single-fold sheet of thick paper or a structure of two sheets connected by a strip of fabric, fastening the book block to the back side of the binding cover.

Uncut Fold - "closed" pages, obtained by folding the sheet at the leading edge and head of the notebook.

Trimming - edge of the book block. It can be covered with gold, decorated with special ornaments or drawings, torshonized.

Spine edging - The top and bottom edges of the spine material are folded in and shaped accordingly.

Salary - decorative covering of the binding cover of an old book, made of hard materials. Salaries in the form of an independent continuous covering are especially characteristic of the Western European and Byzantine-Slavic Middle Ages. They were created from ivory, gold, silver, tin using chasing, casting, embossing, forging, niello, filigree; decorated with applied enamel, precious stones.

Spine Punch - Mushroom-shaped book block spine. When beating, shoulders are formed.

Flip Fold Mushroom spine to form support when folding back the binding.

Backlog - a strip of paper or thin cardboard, equal in width to the thickness of the spine of a processed book block. It is pasted on the book block or on the binding material between the sides.

Pagination - designation of pages or columns (columns) by consecutive digital numbers.

Passe-partout - a structural element of the publication in the form of a sheet of thick paper or thin cardboard, on which illustrative material is pasted, sometimes embossed.

Front edge - The front of the book, opposite the spine. It is called so because initially the works were placed on the shelf with the front edge outward and the name of the work was applied to it with thick or liquid paint or by burning.

Hardcover - a hard, durable cover of the finished edition, containing a number of its output information. It is an element of artistic design of the publication and ensures its safety. This is a combination of a binding cover, functional additional elements glued to it, such as endpapers, gauze flaps and edging material, in addition, reinforcing parts.

Binding cover - the main part of the book cover, made from a single sheet of cardboard or from cardboard sides pasted over with cover material, paper with a printed image; connects to the book block with endpapers.

Binding fonts - Brass fonts used for printing text plates for embossing on binding covers.

Selection - a way to complete a book block from notebooks or sheets in the correct sequence.

Folding - part of the covering of binding covers, tucked on their inside. Can be decorated with a border.

Semi-leather binding - a type of binding in which the spine and corners are covered with leather, and the covers or their parts are glued with hand-made paper with various patterns.

Hollow Spine - A spine construction in which the cover material is glued onto a paper sleeve previously glued to the spine of the book block. The design allows the free opening of hard paper notebooks and books in which inserts (tabs) are placed, and, in addition, facilitates the opening of books bound in a rigid material, such as thin parchment or finished canvas.

Curb - part of the binding, enveloping the edges of covers and spine. Can be decorated with small embossing.

Pre-embossing - Applying an in-depth image to leather or fabric with a heated embossing tool, as an operation prior to gold or gold foil stamping.

Kerf - transverse groove on the spine of the book block. Designed to deepen the cord on which the book is sewn.

Spread - two adjacent pages of the opened edition, left and right.

Opening edition - the ability of the sheets of an open publication to take a position parallel to the binding cover, cover. Serves as one of the indicators of the quality of the printing performance of the publication; depends on the method of binding notebooks, the direction of the fibers of the paper, the type of spine, crimping the spine of the book block.

Reprint (from English to reprint - reprint, republish) - a publication, the release of which is carried out by reproducing (scanning) the pages of a book, manuscript and other sources selected for reproduction without changing the text, but also without reproducing the features of materials (paper, binding) and printing (defects, corrections, misprints) of the previous edition.

Handwritten book - a book in which the text, ornamental decoration and illustrations are reproduced by hand, in contrast to a printed book, the reproduction of which is carried out by one of the printing methods.

Safyan (from Persian Sahtiyan) - a special kind of leather, made in a special way from goat or sheep skins. Differs in high durability, but at the same time softness and beauty.

Slizura - a protective or reinforcing strip of paper or fabric, 5-7 cm wide, edging the spine fold of the endpaper.

Composite Binding is an economical binding option in which the spine and corner covers or spine and front margins of the sides are made of expensive material (such as leather) and the rest of the sides are covered with cheaper material (such as fabric).

Stacker - paper sheets or prints of the same size, stacked on top of each other and aligned by pushing.

Super bookplate (from lat. super - top and ex libris - from books ) is a special owner's sign, usually imprinted on the lid(s) or spine of a leather-bound book. It is a heraldic, monogram or other composition.

Gold leaf is an alloy of 22 carats of gold and two carats of silver, flattened by machine to a thickness of 0.0000025 cm and used for embossing titles and decorations on book bindings.

Notebooks - folded sheets of paper, usually containing 4, 8, 12, 16 or 32 pages and collated in page order, form a book block.

Embossing - applying the title and decorative elements to the binding by pressing the engraving tool into the surface of the cover material. Embossing can be done in gold (gold foil or gold leaf), in color (color foil) or blind (dark or black print obtained under pressure or with a heated tool, or by first dipping the stamp in printing ink).

Gold stamping - obtaining an impression (drawing or text) on binding covers or spine using printing foil as a result of forceful action of a heated metal stamp.

Foil stamping is a finishing process with foil, the binder of which, which holds the pigment particles in it, becomes viscous under the pressure of the printing elements of the heated stamp and firmly connects the pigment layer of the foil to the surface of the product.

The title page of is the first exit page of the publication, which contains basic information about it.

Torchonization (from French torchon - rag, straw braid ) - 1) (in printing) roughening the spine of a book block before applying glue with adhesive seamless binding; 2) giving the edge of the book block a figured or rough surface as a special type of decoration.

Facsimile - accurate reproduction of handwritten text, signature, document.

Fold - sheet fold formed during folding.

Folding - bending sheets of paper to form notebooks by machine or manually with alignment along the edges of the sheet.

Falchik - a strip of paper or fabric, which is glued with vegetable or animal glue to the spine of a notebook or to individual inserts (diagrams, maps, etc.) during repairs or for strengthening.

Filigree ( watermark) - an image inside the paper, obtained during its manufacture and which is visible through the light.

Folio - large format edition.

Endpapers (from German Vorsatz) - sheets of paper (two or more) located between the binding cover and the book block. One side of the flyleaf is glued to the binding cover, while the other side remains free and has a protective function, protecting the first/last page of the book.

Edition format - the size of the finished edition in width and height.

Frontispiece (French frontispiece, from Latin frons - forehead, front side , specio - look ) - an illustration in a book, usually placed on the left side of the spread of the title page. It can be a portrait of the author of a book or its main character, a drawing reflecting the main idea, an illustration for a key episode, a photograph, a map.

Case (German Futteral, from late Latin fotrum, fotrale - sheath, box ) - a cardboard box to protect the most valuable publications from damage during transportation. It can be an additional decorative and graphic design tool for the book.

Pony tail - lower part of the book block.

Full-covered binding is a binding that is covered with a single piece of cover material.

Deburring leather - thinning leather with a deburring machine or knife. Usually involves chamfering the edges of the skin, thinning the spine, the location of the bandages.

Shmuttitul (from German Schmutztitel, from Schmutz - dirt and Titel - title , title ) - 1) in old printed books, an additional title placed before the title page to protect it from pollution, damage; 2) modern short title precedes a part, chapter, contains its short title, epigraph. It is usually located on the right printed strip. It can be typesetting, drawing, combined, decorative and plot-illustrative.

Stamp - a printing plate with a relief image of text, decor or pattern, used to emboss on the spine or cover.

Leveled reading passage

Top 6 Websites Offering Free Leveled Reading Passages

Top 6 Websites Offering Free Leveled Reading Passages

Benchmark Passages | Assessments | Reading A-Z

The Animals in Summer

My Animals

The Spring Day

The Little House

Here is a Number

He Has Two

This Plane

Three Birds

Big and Little

Ted Sees a Pond

Near the Pond

We Read About Animals

text-align | htmlbook.

Brief information

versions of CSS

Description

Syntax

Values

Object Model

Browsers

CSS Recipes

Book terminology, Book terms, what the book consists of

Learn more

Leveled reading passage

Top 6 Websites Offering Free Leveled Reading Passages

Top 6 Websites Offering Free Leveled Reading Passages

Benchmark Passages | Assessments | Reading A-Z

The Animals in Summer

My Animals

The Spring Day

The Little House

Here is a Number

He Has Two

This Plane

Three Birds

Big and Little

Ted Sees a Pond

Near the Pond

We Read About Animals

text-align | htmlbook.

Brief information

versions of CSS

Description

Syntax

Values ​​

Object Model

Browsers

CSS Recipes

Book terminology, Book terms, what the book consists of

Learn more

Values