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30 year anniversary excellence service template Vector Image
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Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States
Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States - Guides, Reference Aids, and Finding Aids (Prints andPhotographs Reading Room, Library of Congress)| The Library of Congress >> Researchers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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C., 20540-4730 
Tompkins
Polk
Grant
Morton
Marshall
Truman
Bush
) | Adams - Coolidge | Curtis - Hobart Hubble is 30 years old. How his pictures are created that change our view of the world
- Anastasia Soroka
- BBC
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Photo credit, NASA/STScI
Photo caption, Anniversary Hubble Space Reef image showing the large red nebula NGC 2014 and its smaller blue neighbor NGC 2020 in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
The Hubble Space Telescope is 30 years old. On April 24, 1990, the Discovery shuttle delivered the telescope into orbit - since then, Hubble has been looking into the depths of the universe and sending photographs of what it saw to Earth.
But what the telescope's mechanical eye sees is not what we end up seeing - there are people behind the breathtaking images. A whole team of scientists from the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore and amateur astronomers around the world are working on this. Their task is to decipher the astronomical data collected by Hubble and hidden in its black-and-white, grainy images. And translate them into a visual language understandable to a 12-year-old schoolboy who saw a picture in a textbook.
In other words, people create color images of galaxies and stars, not Hubble itself. But this is not just "coloring" black and white pictures in Photoshop. Behind every color and hue in the aurora of celestial bodies in the Hubble images is science and a strict set of rules, as well as imagination and many original creative solutions.
For example, how do you mark a minor difference in the brightness levels of several celestial objects so that it is visible to the eye? Or what colors to describe the range of ultraviolet radiation invisible to humans?
The results of this work determine how humanity will see the Universe in which it lives and itself in it.
For Hubble's birthday, we sat down with the head of the STScI image processing team to find out how images are created that change the way we see the world.
Mechanical eye
Click "Pillars of Creation" in the Eagle Nebula, 2014
Image after processing
Photo taken on the ultraviolet channel
"I am a mechanical eye. I, a machine, show you the world as I can only see it. I free myself today forever from human immobility, I am in continuous motion, I approach and move away from objects .
.. […] ... freed from time and space limits, I compare any points of the universe, wherever I fix them. My path is to create a fresh perception of the world. So I decipher the world unknown to you in a new way, "is quote from manifesto 19Dziga Vertov, a Russian-Soviet director from Odessa, one of the founders of documentary films, is 23 years old.
In the same 1923, Hermann Oberth, one of the fathers of rocket science, published the book "Rocket for Interplanetary Space" - one of the first scientific papers substantiating the possibility of creating a liquid fuel rocket. In it, he mentioned that a telescope could be sent into orbit with the help of a rocket.
Just as Dziga Vertov's movie camera became a mechanical extension of the human eye, allowing it to "rise along with airplanes" and "move with the muzzle of a running horse", the lenses of the Hubble telescope are an optical-mechanical eye that allowed us to push the boundaries of time and space - to look into the distant worlds of the universe and into its past.
Hubble lenses are a time machine that explores the birth of long-extinct stars.
Click An image of NGC 2174, or the Monkey's Head Nebula, in the constellation Orion. year 2014
Image after processing
Image taken with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2
"The Perfect Storm"
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NASA's Hubble "conception" date is 1946, when Princeton astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer published his first scientific paper on the benefits of launching a large telescope into space, outside of Earth's turbulent atmosphere.
The first working group of astrophysicists and engineers met three decades later, in 1977, to discuss the creation of the Large Space Telescope. A few years later, it will be renamed in honor of the American astronomer Edwin Hubble, who proved that there are other galaxies outside our galaxy, moving away from the Milky Way with increasing speed. This discovery paved the way for deep space exploration.
But such long years between the idea and the realization were not in vain. According to the head of the STScI news service, astronomer Ray Villard, who has been working on this project for more than 30 years, the birth of Hubble was a “perfect storm”: the telescope could see space objects with unprecedented clarity, scientists could see them in color. And the Internet made it possible to instantly show these images to all of humanity. This, Willard argues, was the "Hubble revolution."
Image copyright NASA/STScI
Image caption, "First Light": on the left is an image from the ground-based Las Campanas observatory in Chile; on the right is the first Hubble image from orbit.
On May 20, 1990, less than a month after launch into orbit, Hubble sent "first light" back to Earth, its first image taken while adjusting the telescope's focus. This photo turned out to be 50% sharper than the ground-based telescopes (although it soon became clear that the main mirror of the Hubble had a defect that made the images slightly blurry - but it was corrected).
Image copyright NASA/STScI
Photo captionA ring of gas around the center of the explosion of supernova 1987A on the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Photo taken in 1990.
In August of that year, Hubble made one of its first discoveries, capturing a 1.3 light-year diameter luminous elliptical ring of gas around the center of the explosion of supernova 1987A on the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was the first of thousands of miracles that humanity will see through the telescope - each of the subsequent more and more clear, more and more detailed.
Many of these images, such as the Pillars of Creation or the Horsehead Nebula, will become iconic, reproduced in millions of copies on T-shirts, cups and smartphone cases.
Hubble has rediscovered the universe precisely because of its incredible images and their availability, says Ray Villard. “They go beyond science, they talk about the wonders of the universe without going into all the little facts of science. Some people just like these images because they are pictures, because they are intuitive, because they are expressive. Some are approached on a spiritual level."
Light is a color
"People often ask [about the Hubble photos] Is this really what it looks like?" says Ray Villard. invisible to the human eye. Even if you fly close to these objects, you will not see any color, because it will extend everywhere around you. "
The light of distant cosmic objects - gigantic nebulae, colliding galaxies, dying stars - that Hubble sees is too intense or, on the contrary, too dim for the weak human eye.
Therefore, observing through a telescope from the Earth or even through a window from a spacecraft, we will see at best only vague imprints of these catastrophes.
Creating a "genuine" color image from astronomical data is as much an art as it is a science, according to STScI. According to Willard, the challenge for scientists working with Hubble data, like the challenge for any photographer, is to "capture the essence of an object." To be able to combine scientific fact with aesthetic pleasure. Often for this you need to enhance a particular color, highlight the shade, emphasize the contrast.
Click Colliding galaxies NGC 2936 and NGC 2937 in the constellation Hydra. Snapshot 2013
Image after processing
Shot with Wide Angle Camera 3
Willard says he and his team were inspired by the technocolor technology invented in Hollywood to make color films in the 1930s, such as The Wizard of Oz.
And also - the work of American photographer Ansel Adams, known for ultra-clear black-and-white photographs of the nature of the American West. Willard compares Hubble's images of galaxies to those of the Grand Canyon of Adams.
"The Grand Canyon is an incredible geological formation. I can't do anything in Photoshop to make the Grand Canyon look better. It's just the way it is. But I can use photography and Photoshop to try and highlight all of its amazing details that tell its story," he explains the approach to processing space images.
True and false colors
Click Galaxy NGC 3147 in the constellation Draco. 2019year
Image after processing
Image taken on the ultraviolet channel
Each of the millions of Hubble sources is black and white. It is possible to collect color images from them thanks to the red, green and blue filters through which these images are passed and which repeat the three types of light-sensitive cells on our retina.
The choice of the right filter or combination of them is up to the researchers, and it can be quite simple - or very complex.
The color of an object depends on how it emits or absorbs light. For example, the planets absorb one wavelength of light from their stars and reflect another: the blue hues of Neptune and Uranus are associated with methane in their atmospheres that absorbs red light.
Nebulae can have a very rich and bright color, since they emit light of only a certain wavelength, shining like clouds of gases - hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, glowing like neon lamps.
The color of the star, on the other hand, will be rather desaturated, oscillating in pastel colors, because the stars emit an incredible amount of light in the entire visible range, stimulating all the light-sensitive cells on our retina. But these are simple tasks.
And what color should be used to designate light waves of infrared or ultraviolet radiation invisible to humans, which Hubble sees? Or show the difference in brightness levels in a way that is noticeable and scientifically sound at the same time?
In such cases, scientists have to resort to false colors, that is, to apply color solutions where they do not exist, or where they do not carry any meaning - in order to emphasize the imperceptible contrast between light and shadow or differences in different parts of the complex space object.
It's easier for the human eye to see differences in shades of color than it is in shades of grey, Willard explains.
Click Object Herbig-Haro 24 (HH 24) with a protostar at its center. 2015
Image after processing
Photo taken with infrared channel
In addition, the dynamic range - the difference between light and shadow - of the faintest nebula is a million to one. The dynamic range of a studio portrait is 3:1, ink on paper can display 20:1 at best. To solve this problem and even out the contrast, scientists need to process the bright, medium and dark elements of the image before proceeding with colorization.
All these elements - light, color and shadow - are woven together into one canvas through many layers in the usual "Photoshop". Layer by layer, radiation noise is removed, too bright pixels are cut off, and histograms are smoothed out.
But even with Photoshop, processing a single Hubble image can take several weeks.
"We pay great attention to different cameras, different filters and different shutter speeds. We make great efforts to create an image that is aesthetic and informative at the same time. That tells you something new about the Universe that you could not even before think,” Willard describes the work of his team.
Click Spiral galaxies NGC 4302 and NGC 4298 in the constellation Coma Berenices. 2017
Image after processing
Shot with a Wide Angle Camera 3
What's in your name
It's interesting that if processing a picture can take weeks, then coming up with a name for a space object is sometimes only half an hour.
That's how long it took to come up with the name "Shadow of the Bat," the huge shadow cast by the star HBC 672, Willard recalls.
"We are like children looking up at the clouds in the sky: this is an elephant, this is a giraffe," Willard says. And he jokes: the Russians were the first to take pictures of the far side of the Moon and came up with names for objects on its surface - the Sea of Moscow, the Mendeleev crater. “It was humiliating, we had to make up for lost time,” he laughs at the name that American researchers have come up with for another of the objects taken by Hubble - Gomez's Hamburger.
Meanwhile, anyone can not only look at the images of the Universe - he can create them himself. Relatively few Hubble images are professionally processed - most remain in black-and-white data format in the NASA archives, waiting to be deciphered. These archives are in the public domain.
All photos courtesy of NASA/STScI.
NIS accumulation after 20 years of service
in concessional terms.
At the same time, he sold a military mortgage (we will consider two options: with and without a loan).
According to part 3 of article 5 of Federal Law-117 "On the accumulative mortgage system of housing for military personnel", accumulative contributions are accounted for on the participant's personal accumulative account during the entire period of his military service. Those. accumulations continue after 20 years of service and even after reaching the age limit, if the serviceman continues to serve.
According to part 6 of this article, the entire period of service is also carried out and the accounting of income from investment on the registered savings accounts of participants.
The above is true for the case when the mortgage loan has not been issued or has already been repaid, because while the loan is valid, all savings contributions and other accruals go only to repay it.
How you can use the savings
In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 10 of the Federal Law-117, the total duration of military service, including on a preferential basis, twenty years or more is the basis for the emergence of the right to savings.
Part 1 of Article 11 stipulates that the NIS participant has the right to use the accumulated funds for the purpose of acquiring residential premises or residential premises in the ownership of or for other purposes after the right to use these funds arises.
Thus, after 20 years of accumulation, you can use it at your own discretion, even if it is for buying a car, for a summer residence, for vacation, for household appliances, etc. At the same time, in our opinion, with such use of savings, an obligation arises to pay tax on the income of individuals (13%).
How to receive funds after 20 years of service
functioning of the accumulative-mortgage housing system for servicemen" and relevant departmental orders (see, for example, Order of the Minister of Defense No. 245 dated April 24, 2017, Order No. 79 of the FSVNG dated March 14, 2017):
- NIS participant, as mentioned above, has the right to accumulation upon reaching 20 years of service.
At the same time, the serviceman has the right
to use future savings contributions to obtain or repay a mortgage loan on a general basis. - Savings for housing provision are provided to the NIS participant in the form of a cashless payment in one of the following ways:
- by transferring funds to his bank account *, opened in any bank;
- by transferring funds to the federal executive body with subsequent bringing this amount to the participant;
- by transferring funds to the bank account of another
recipient of savings, determined by a regulatory legal act of the federal executive body.
- If a decision is made to use the savings, the serviceman submits a report indicating the date and basis for the emergence of the right to use savings for housing, the amount of savings (all savings recorded on the INS, or part of these funds), full details of your bank account * or consent to the use of savings through one of the recipients.
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