How do you spell invented

The first part of its name - wiki - denotes the technology underlying the functioning of the site (and this technology, by the way, is the only thing that the Wikipedia project has in common with the Wikileaks site, otherwise there is nothing in common between them), and the word itself is borrowed from of the Hawaiian language, in which it means "quickly", and this, perhaps, is the most important and most valuable thing in it - the speed of obtaining help.

Wikipedia was launched in January 2001 by Jimmy Wales, an American internet entrepreneur and "ideologist of the wiki concept". As I learned from the Wikipedia article, his mother Doris and his grandmother Erma owned a small private school, House of Learning, which practiced a system of teaching based on the method of Maria Montessori. nine0011

I hyperlink to an article about Montessori and learn that "the basis of her methodology is that children largely determine the form, time and content of their studies." So, it turns out, where the legs of Wikipedia grow from - from the freedom of choice and the method of obtaining knowledge! But this conclusion, of course, is not in the Wikipedia article - this is my purely personal speculation.

Wikipedia, fortunately, does not express opinions and conclusions, but only provides information. But who brings it there? nine0011

Volunteer Enthusiasts

"We are all volunteers," says Ilya Shchurov, author and administrator of the Russian-language version, "no one gets paid on Wikipedia, except for those people who provide servers. Everything that is written is written by volunteers This, of course, may seem to someone an unusual way to spend their leisure time.

A graduate of the Moscow State University Mechanics and Mathematics, and now a teacher of mathematics at the Higher School of Economics, Ilya Shchurov joined the project in 2005, when the Russian-language Wiki was just starting, because he was interested in free educational projects, where people themselves create educational materials. "Wikipedia's goal is to make it as easy as possible to connect to it," says Ilya. nine0011

According to comScore, a statistical analysis company for the digital world, Wikipedia is the fifth most popular online resource worldwide. This universe is available in 280 languages ​​and is constantly expanding with 85,000 active editors who are constantly writing, adding to and correcting articles.

In an interview with the BBC, Sue Gardner, executive director of Wikimedia, the organization that owns Wikipedia, formulated a rough portrait of a Wikipedian based on a study of 60 languages. nine0011

"The average author of Wikipedia is 25 years old, he is usually with a higher education - this is someone who is used to reading, doing scientific research, writing abstracts, term papers. So it is quite logical that such people come to Wikipedia, because in fact they do the same thing - publish the results of their research," explains Gardner.

Significance tests

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How do articles actually appear? By what principle? Ilya Shchurov says that, of course, not everything can become the subject of a new article, no matter how interesting it may seem to the author himself, because this would lead to information littering.

Therefore, criteria of significance were created, the main of which states that an article can be written on a subject if this subject is covered in sufficient detail in external sources. That is, in other words, did we, the journalists, write about it? But here, for example, a guy likes one rock band, he was at her concert in a club, but he didn’t find an article about her in Wikipedia. Can he sit down at the computer and write to Vika? nine0011

"Why we chose this criterion - because we need sources on the basis of which we could write an article. If no sources wrote about a rock band, then on the basis of what information will we write an article? Only on the basis of what does this group say about itself? It would be incorrect, it would be an advertising article," explains Ilya.

Moreover, this would violate the principle of neutrality, because Wikipedia is not based on the quicksand of virtuality, but on five principles. nine0011

In addition to the principle of impartiality, that is, neutrality (which is sometimes so difficult to observe, especially when you love what you write about), there is also the principle of respect for copyright, and the rules of etiquette, that is, respect for other Wikipedia contributors, many of which belong to to other cultures.

Another very nice rule is that there are no hard and fast rules in Wikipedia.

A Written Lesson in Democracy

One of the defining features of Wikipedia is that anyone with a keyboard and Internet access can write, add, edit, modify Wikipedia articles. Moreover, it is very easy to do this, you do not need any special programs and additional skills, you do not even need to register! nine0011

But is it a plus or a minus - such super-free access to the text, because for many experts and just graphomaniacs this is a kind of invitation?

As Ilya Shchurov says, in fact, it turns out that all project participants follow all the articles, and it quickly becomes known about some distortions in this or that article. He explains that the administrator is not the first line of defense in case someone wants to harm and spoil some article. The first line of defense is any participant who notices a negative change in an article and decides to cancel this change, because all edits are saved in Wikipedia. nine0011

Lecturer at Leeds University of English, social media specialist Vlad Strukov notes that Wikipedia provides an excellent opportunity to try yourself as an author, editor in a certain media or publishing company, and he encourages his students to do this: "It gives a person, especially young, beginner, professional activity, the opportunity to get involved in the discussion process and understand how the democratic and political process works, including the creative one. As for creativity, then, as we have already understood, there should be no gag in Wikipedia; ideally every fact should be supported by a link, so the creativity here is pretty limited. nine0011

In addition, such virtual editing has its own specifics, since you need to be prepared for the fact that your article will be rewritten, and more than once.

A question of trust

When it comes to Wikipedia and links to it, one of the most common objections is the question of trust in the information presented.

But, as Vladimir Medeiko, one of the pioneers and arbitrators of the Russian-language Wikipedia, points out, the question of trust should apply to any source, not just Wikipedia. nine0011

"The fact that anyone can edit it creates some grounds for distrust, but we have some quality control that is constantly being strengthened, and accordingly, the reliability of Wikipedia's information becomes more and more," he says.

Vladimir came to Wikipedia in 2003, when there was neither a main page nor a Russian-language interface, and became the first Russian-speaking administrator - of course, writing. He began by creating the first stub articles about the countries of the world and Russian politicians, putting basic information into them. nine0011

Wikipedia Wikipedia strife?

Comparing articles in Russian and English Wikipedia, I have repeatedly noticed that Vika's native Vika is poorer than her English relative. Why is it so? My interlocutors explain this by a combination of reasons.

Let's start with the fact that there are much more English-speaking Internet users and, accordingly, Wikipedia, than Russian-speaking ones, and the reliability and quality of articles are determined by the number of people who work on the section. nine0011

However, Ilya Shchurov adds that the Russian-language Wikipedia is one of the fastest growing sections. The growth rate of articles in English is decreasing, while the growth rate of the Russian Wiki is quite high.

Wikipedian Stasya Lvova, who started writing for the portal after graduating from school five years ago, explains the difference between the two versions by the difference in mentality. Seeing an error, a Russian-speaking user is more likely to scold the entire project than to correct the error, while an English-speaking user, not satisfied with the quality of the article, will undertake to supplement it. Vlad Strukov believes that the law of conservation of energy often comes into force - since many users can read in English, then, having found an article in the English version, they are satisfied with it. "This is also due to the fact that a culture of intellectual piracy flourishes in Russia and, accordingly, people are already used to the fact that they use some kind of existing information, but at the same time give nothing in return," he believes. nine0011

Look for women!

There is a general law that applies to Wikipedia: all writers are first and foremost readers. But how to increase the number of conversions? How to inspire people to replenish the virtual encyclopedia, without which we now, as a driver in an unfamiliar city, cannot do without a navigator? To do this, various competitions are being held, such as the one held last Friday at the Royal Society in London (Royal Society), inviting women volunteers to come for a day and, using the society's vast storehouses, write new articles for Wikipedia about women scientists. nine0011

One of the participants and organizers of this event, Fellow of the Royal Society, Professor of Psychology at University College London (UCL) Uta Frith complained that people, apart from Marie Curie, do not know other female scientists. “It is necessary that every woman who has contributed to the development of science have a well-written article of a decent size with a photograph, and an article whose data can be relied upon. Of course, there were encyclopedias and all kinds of reference books before, but the point is that Wikipedia is now used by millions around the world, and not all of them have access to a dedicated biographical directory," says Professor Frith. nine0011

Stasya Lvova also participated in a similar project to write articles about famous women, only in the Russian-language Wikipedia, which resulted in 50 new articles. Stasya also expressed concern about the gender imbalance in the virtual encyclopedia, given that, according to Wikimedia, 87% of wiki authors are men. “There is a bias in topics, and some topics may not be disclosed at all. In fact, the issues of improving the quality of articles and attracting women are very closely related,” Stasya believes. Stasya herself is an active Wikipedia editor and author. Among her hobbies is writing greeting cards for grandmothers in nursing homes. nine0011

"When I write such postcards, I look where, in which village this nursing home is located, and if Wikipedia does not say anything about this place, then I try to fill in the information," says Stasya. Among her favorite topics are articles on art and Ireland. Why wouldn't it make more sense for Ireland, I asked, to write more about Russia for Russian-speaking users?

"It's often interesting to develop those topics that are less well developed in your language. This, in any case, works in favor of native speakers of your language, in particular those who otherwise cannot get this information," Lvova believes. nine0011

Write

Needless to say, all my interlocutors are knowledge enthusiasts and stand up for expanding, improving Wikipedia, and most importantly, for using it. But carefully.

If you are going to use some material from there in your work, then you need to check it against external sources, warns Ilya Shchurov, because no one can guarantee that a minute before you opened Wikipedia, some attacker did not distortion, but on average there are not many errors. nine0011

And there will be even less, assures Vladimir Medeiko, since the patrolling procedure has already been introduced to help combat vandalism and obvious hooliganism.

Ahead are further improvements that will allow corrections made to, say, an English Wikipedia article to be automatically transferred to a similar article in another language, even a very rare one, such as Yakut, which will improve the quality of the information provided.

Many Wikipedians believe that this project will never be finished, because there will always be new books, films, people, phenomena that meet the criteria of significance that someone will want to write about. nine0011

How to spell cappuccino correctly - TextExpert

Correct spelling: cappuccino

Foreign words that are now so commonly used in Russian sometimes have a long and controversial history of origin. For example, the question: how to spell “cappuccino” correctly is interesting not only from the point of view of the spelling of the word. It is customary to assume that the word is originally Italian, but is it?

Who really invented cappuccino?

The word “cappuccino”, like the drink itself, seems to be very ancient, but the famous coffee with milk foam has been drunk in this form for no more than 500 years! The Italian brand "Capuccino" is generally a "baby" - in 2001 they celebrated the centenary of its official registration. nine0011

The Capuchin monks, who founded their order in Italy in 1537, were known for their incredibly strict rules of earthly existence. An indispensable attribute of a Capuchin monk is still a brown-red cloak with a high, sharp hood at the end. The “younger brothers of the hermit life” kept all Christian fasts, limited themselves to food even on “fast” days, but they had one addiction - they loved coffee very much! According to the canons of the Catholic Church, the brown-black color was considered diabolical, and one of the monks suggested adding milk to coffee so that the color would not be frankly “demonic”. The first cappuccino was without foam, cream color. He, as you might guess, was popularly called "capuccinorum" - in honor of the sharp hood of enterprising monks. nine0011

But then the history of cappuccino develops very mysteriously… In the 17th century in Austria, specifically in Vienna, an incredibly tasty drink called “kapuziner” began to be sold in coffee shops. The exact date of the visit of the Austrian cafe by the Capuchin monk, when he showed the method of making this coffee, no one knows. Coffee was named after him in the German manner. Until now, heated debates are ongoing, who owns the right to invent the word "cappuccino" - Germans or Italians? Not only do the Germans stubbornly insist that they "legalized" the famous brand. Austrian chefs say that not just milk is added to the “correct” cappuccino, but whipped with yolk! nine0011

The Italians solved the controversial problem simply. In 1901, Luigi Bezzera invented the espresso machine, and almost at the same time they began to prepare cappuccino, frothing milk with steam from this machine. In the same year, the name of coffee with airy milk foam was officially registered - "capuccino".

The correct spelling is "cappuccino"

The word is an inanimate noun of the neuter gender. Like "coffee" and "cocoa", it is not inflected and does not have a plural form. During the transition to Russian from the Italian “capuccino”, it lost one “s” and began to be written through one “h” - “cappuccino”. nine0011

In this cafe, you can try the classic cappuccino, as well as the “latte art” version with a pattern on the crema.

Real cappuccino is poured into a tazza, a low, wide cup with thick walls.

According to the strict rules of the Russian language, the word "cappuccino" quite recently could not be declined, it should be of the middle gender.

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