Sentence with know

I am a natural churchwoman, none of your fugitive schismatic priests know not know , I don’t know…

In the forests, Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky, 1871-1874.

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Building sentences

The rules for constructing sentences in English are quite strict. Unlike the Russian language, there is a clear word order here. If you know the basic construction of an English sentence, you can build any phrase.

The members of the sentence in English, as well as in Russian, are divided into main and secondary.

The main members of the sentence are those due to which the grammatical basis of the utterance is formed. Without them, the proposal would not make sense. The main members are the subject and the predicate.

Examples:

(Who?) They (what did?) think. — They thought.

Who?) The cat (what is he doing?) is coming. – The cat is going.

Subject

As a rule, the subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun, this is the main character of the sentence, answering the questions “who?”, “What?”.

The noun is used in its standard dictionary form, singular or plural.

Examples:

a product - products (product - products)

a magazine - magazines (magazine - magazines)

The article may be definite, indefinite, or absent at all, depending on the object/person implied.

As for pronouns, personal pronouns in the nominative case are most often used as the subject: I (I), we (we), you (you), he (he), she (she), it (this / it), they (they).

And also some indefinite and negative pronouns: someone/somebody (someone), no one/nobody (nobody), everyone/everybody (everyone), something (something), nothing (nothing), everything (everything) , each (each).

In colloquial speech, it can be replaced by this (this), that (that).

In an affirmative sentence, the subject is at the beginning of the sentence before the predicate.

Predicate

This part of the sentence is expressed by the verb and is the key to constructing sentences in English, because it shows at what time the action happened, is happening or will happen. The predicate answers the question “what to do?”.

There can be two verbs in the predicate, auxiliary and semantic.

Auxiliary verb - a verb that is used to express time. As such, it does not have such a meaning in itself and is not translated into Russian in any way. However, his presence is necessary if the temporary form requires it.

Examples:

For Present Simple - do / does
For Past Perfect - had
For Future Continuous - will be

The main or semantic verb is a verb that expresses an action performed by the subject.

Examples:

She runs. - She is running.

Secondary members of the sentence are those that explain the main ones. Without them, the sentence will still make sense, since they are not the grammatical basis of the sentence. The secondary members include definition, addition and circumstance.

Definition

This sentence member answers the questions “which?” and "whose?". The definition stands next to the subject or object and describes its properties; it can be expressed in almost any part of speech.

In most cases, the definition is expressed as:

• Adjectives: nice (cute), brave (brave).
• Participles: sold (sold), crying (crying).
• Participle turns: made of plastic (made of plastic), laughing out loud (laughing out loud).
• Numerals: first (first), thirty (thirty).
• Noun in the possessive case: Nick's (Nick), Diana's (Diana).
• Personal pronouns in the objective case: my (my), your (your).

Examples:

I see a beautiful girl next to him. - I see (what?) a beautiful girl next to him.

My red cat is lying on the windowsill. - (Whose?) My (what?) red cat lies on the windowsill.

A definition can be placed before the subject or object.

Examples:

Her wavy hair is so beautiful. Her wavy hair is so beautiful.

I have read a great book. — I read a wonderful book.

The adjective expressed by the participial phrase usually comes after the subject and object.

Example: The girl singing on stage is my sister. The girl singing on stage is my sister.

Complement

According to the construction of sentences in English, the object is placed after the predicate. It can be expressed as a noun or pronoun, answers case questions.

Examples:

I see a girl with him. - I see (who?) a girl (who?) with him.

She is reading a book to the children. She reads (what?) a book (to whom?) to children.

There are two types of add-on:

• Direct - an object that does not answer questions of the accusative case "who?", "What?".
• Indirect - an addition that answers all other case questions "who?", "what?", "to whom?", "what?".

If two types of object are used at once in one sentence, the direct one is used first, and then the indirect one.

Example: I play a computer game with her. — I play a computer game with her.

Circumstance

This part of speech denotes place, cause, time, manner of action, and the like. The circumstance is related to the predicate, but it can be used both at the beginning and at the end of the sentence. The first option is less common. The circumstance informs “where?”, “When?”, “How?”, “Why?” some action has taken place.

Examples:

My red cat lies on the windowsill. — My red cat lies (where?) on the windowsill.

Yesterday I saw her with him. — (When?) Yesterday I saw her with him.

The circumstance can be expressed as:

• Adverb: today (today), slowly (slowly).
• Noun with a preposition: in Paris (in Paris), behind the scenes (behind the scenes).

There are two basic word orders in English: direct and reverse. The direct is used in affirmative and negative sentences, the reverse is used in questions.

The English sentence differs from the Russian one in word order. In Russian it is free, in English it is strictly defined.

Example: Mother was cleaning the frame. - Mom washed the frame. / Mom washed the frame. / Mom washed the frame.

The structure of affirmative and negative sentences

The direct word order in an English sentence is as follows: the subject comes first, the predicate comes second, and the object comes third. In some cases, circumstance may come first. In an English sentence, the main verb may have an auxiliary verb.

Affirmative sentence word order:

1. Circumstance.
2. Subject (possibly with a definition).
3. Predicate.
4. Addition (possibly with a definition).
5. Circumstance.

Examples

Yesterday I learned English words - Yesterday I learned English words.

Yesterday (adverb) I (subject) learned (predicate) English words (addition with definition).

My little sister will visit me in three days - My little sister will visit me in three days.

My little sister (subject with definition) will visit (predicate) me (addition) in three days (circumstance).

The word order in the negative English sentence is also direct. In order to show negation, the particle not is used, which corresponds to the Russian particle “not”. Also, in a negative sentence there is always an auxiliary verb, it is to it that not adjoins.

Negative sentence word order:

1. Circumstance.
2. Subject (possibly with a definition).
3. Auxiliary verb + not.
4. Main verb.
5. Addition (possibly with a definition).

Examples

Yesterday I did not learn English words

Yesterday (adverbial) I (subject) did not (auxiliary verb + not) learn (main verb) English words (addition with definition).

My little sister will not visit me in three days - My little sister will not visit me in three days.

My little sister (subject with definition) will not (auxiliary verb + not) visit (main verb) me (object) in three days (circumstance).

The structure of interrogative sentences

When a question is asked in Russian, sometimes it is possible to determine that it is a question only by the intonation of the speaker. When constructing English sentences in the form of a question, the subject and predicate are reversed - the reverse word order is used. But only a part of the predicate is placed in the first place - the auxiliary verb, and the main verb still comes after the subject.

Example

They live in the city. — They live in the city.

Do they live in the city? — Do they live in the city?

Interrogative sentence word order:

Auxiliary verb.
Subject (possibly with a definition).
Main verb.
Supplement (possibly with definition)
Circumstance.

Examples

Did I learn English words? — Did I learn English words?

Did (auxiliary verb) I (subject) learn (main verb) English words (object with definition)?

A short answer may be used when answering a question. But in English you can't just say Yes/No, such an answer can be considered rude or unfriendly in some cases. A well-formed short answer should, in addition to Yes/No, contain a subject and an auxiliary verb.

Examples

Question: Do they work in the office? Do they work in an office?

Answer: Yes, they do. / No, they don't. - Yes. / No.

Question: Has he visited the British Museum? / Did he visit the British Museum?

Answer: Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't. - Yes. / No.

Question: Will you call me? - Will you call me?

Answer: Yes, I will. / No, I won't. - Yes. / No.

Question: Do you like tea? — Do you like tea?

Answer: Yes, I do. / No, I don't. - Yes. / No.

Alternative grammatical constructions of English sentences

The construction of English sentences may in some cases deviate from the norm. Modern English is extremely rich in grammatical structures. Some of them are not the norm in the generally accepted sense, but reflect modern language trends. These include contraction (reduction), ellipsis (omission), insert (insert), preface and tag (introduction and tag).

Contraction - abbreviation

This phenomenon is quite familiar and understandable in most cases.

Examples: can't = cannot, don't = do not, I'm = I am

Abbreviations are considered a sign of conversational style, however, the above forms are the norm, that is, their use does not contradict the established grammatical rules. According to the rules of colloquial English, it is possible to combine auxiliary verbs with modal ones when abbreviated, even with a negative particle not.

Examples: Mike couldn't've known about it. Mike didn't know about it. You shouldn't've gone there. You shouldn't have gone there.

In colloquial speech, abbreviation can be used if there is a subject expressed by several nouns.

Examples: Mark and Jenny've passed the exam. Mark and Jenny passed the exam. The President and his team're going to the summit. — The President and his team are going to the summit.

Ellipsis

In colloquial speech, a part of a traditional English sentence construction may be omitted if the meaning of the utterance is preserved. This phenomenon saves time and makes speech more fluent. Most often, words are skipped at the beginning of a sentence or not far from it.

You can omit:

• Auxiliary verb

  Example: How are you doing? - How are you? Ellipsis: How are you doing? - How are you?

  Example: I'm alright, thanks. - I'm fine, thank you. Ellipsis: Alright, thanks. - OK, thank you.

• Subject + be/will

  Example: I'll see you later. - See you later. Ellipsis: See you later. - See you later.

  Example: I'm not sure about that. — I'm not sure about that. Ellipsis: Not sure about that. - Not sure.

• Parts of the interrogative form (often with the verbs see, hear, think)

  Example: Are you going with us? - Are you coming with us? Ellipsis: Going with us? - Are you coming with us?

  Example: Would you like some lemonade? - Would you like some lemonade? Ellipsis: (Some) lemonade? — Lemonade?

  Example: Do you want some water? - Do you want water? Ellipsis: Want some water? - Do you want some water?

  Example: Have you got a little time? — Do you have some time? Ellipsis: Got a little time? - Do you have time?

  Example: Do you like it? - Do you like it? Ellipsis: Like it? - Like?

• noun

  Example: I can't complain. — I can't complain. Ellipsis: Can't complain. - Not complaining.

  Example: I don't know. - I don't know. Ellipsis: Don't know. - Don't know.

• Article

  Example: The delivery man's here. - The courier is here. Ellipsis: Delivery man's here. - The courier is here.

• It and there

  Example: It might get colder tomorrow. - It might get colder tomorrow. Ellipsis: Might get colder tomorrow. - It might get colder tomorrow.

  Example: Is anybody there ? - Is there anyone there? Ellipsis: Anybody there? - Is there anyone?

Grammatical structures in Russian and English do not match, so the difference between a full and an elliptical sentence is not always visible in the translation, which sometimes may not be literal.

It is also possible to omit words at the end of a sentence, especially in short answers.

Examples

Question: Will you be at the meeting? - Will you be at the meeting?

Answer: I should be. - Must.

Question: Are you singing at the gala concert? — Do you sing at the gala concert?

Answer: I hope to. - Hope.

Insert

Inserting a word or expression in the construction of English sentences performs some communicative functions. For example, thinking out loud, emphasizing attention, agreeing, etc. Insertion usually helps speech sound more fluid and logical, it is not used in writing.

Insert examples:

• Well - an expression of doubt or pause before returning to the subject of the previous discussion.

  Well, I haven't been there yet. Well, I haven't been there yet.

• Right - attracting attention, persuading that the listener agrees with what is being said.

  Right. Can you switch off your phones, please? - So. Could you please turn off your phones?

  You're OK, right? "You're all right, right?"

• I mean - paraphrase, explanation, clarification.

  I speak this language, I mean, English. — I speak this language, I mean English.

• You know - the belief that the listener understands what is being said.

  I really liked French cuisine, you know, frogs' legs and so on. “I really liked French food, you know, frog legs and so on.

• OK - the belief that the listener agrees with what was said, usually stands at the end of the statement.

  See you at 5, OK? See you at 5, okay?

• Now - Change the topic or return to the previous topic.

  That was interesting. Now, who wants to listen to another story? - It was interesting. Now, who wants to hear another story?

• Like - a pause, an indication that the statement is not completed and further information on the topic follows.

  I didn't join them because it was, like, dangerous. “I didn't go with them because it was, well, dangerous.

Inserts can be used not only by the speaker, but also by the listener for one purpose or another.

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