Spelling games 1st grade
1st Grade Spelling Words, Lists, Games and Activities
1st Grade Spelling Lists, Games & Activities
Subscribe to Home Spelling Words!
We are pleased to provide free 1st grade spelling lists that can also be practiced online by registering with us. Members can also create their own custom lists. 1st grade is an important time for children to learn and grow. Help your student ace their weekly spelling tests by practicing spelling words for 1st grade at Home Spelling Words. You simply create a family account, add your student's name, then import our 1st grade spelling words or use your own from school by typing them in once each week. Your child can practice as much as he or she likes in order to improve their test scores. There are many ways to help your child learn to spell. Take time to read with your child and make frequent visits to the library. Also, there are many board games that can be modified to suit a younger child. Don't forget that practice is really the key to success.
Make Your Own 1st Grade Spelling Lists
Create your own 1st grade spelling lists by registering with Home Spelling Words. Simply enter your list name, then each spelling word and a practice sentence if you like. Once you are done, publish the list and start practicing right away. You can also take spelling tests or play spelling games with your customized lists. Our website is perfect for homeschools with their own curriculum or students who receive a weekly spelling list from school.
1st Grade Spelling Worksheets
These are printable 1st grade spelling worksheets. Students are able to practice handwriting and spelling by completing these 1st grade worksheets and they can be done anytime. Worksheet 1 goes with List 1 and so forth.
1st Grade Spelling Bee Words
Home Spelling Words is the perfect website for to use for spelling bee practice. Create lists of ten or twenty first grade spelling words and practice as much as you like. You can also play games with your spelling bee words and take tests as well.
1st Grade Spelling Activities
Make Your Own Books: Does your child have a big imagination? Put it to use by helping your child create their very own book! You can have them write words on a paper and then create illustrations to go with them. You can also use a word processing program like Microsoft Word. This is a great way for children to learn how to use computers and write a book at the same time. Bind your book with yarn or staples. Sample Title Ideas: Fun with Grandma, Fun with Grandpa (make great gifts), My First Day at School, My Teacher, I Love My Pet and When I Grow Up.
Sticky Words: Put sticky notes with words on common objects in the student’s room or elsewhere in the house. Then, the students will practice reading those words daily until he or she becomes familiar with the spelling. Later you can have a “sticky test” by giving your student sticky notes with words and they have to run around the house placing the notes on the right objects.
Do you have advice for parents of 1st Grade students? Do you have a game you’d like to share? If so, email us at [email protected] today!
Spelling Games for 1st Grade | LoonyLearn
First grade is a time for students to grow their vocabulary. Students begin to move beyond sight words for the first time spelling more complex words. By the end of first grade, your child can write and describe school, home, and the environment. You will be amazed at how much your child can spell!
At LoonyLearn, we want students to get excited about spelling through gaming. Students engage in learning through our fun spelling games made for young learners. Your child will fight pirates and use magic to spell three-letter to five-letter words. As your child plays their confidence grows and so does their spelling ability.
Our first-grade spelling word lists are meant to help your student as they begin to read more fluently. We created our lists to include similar structured words, for example, mop, hop, and top. In first grade, each of our lists also include common words. These common words appear frequently in Level 1 books and reading proficiency tests.
Here are some example first-grade lists:
-ell Words and Common Words | -ack Words and Common Words | -i-e Words and Common Words |
---|---|---|
bell | back | nice |
tell | sack | drive |
fell | black | mine |
sell | snack | wise |
well | their | dime |
go | if | five |
could | will | lime |
would | up | above |
Each of the games below can be played with any of our LoonyLearn spelling lists and lists you create yourself. Just select the list you want to learn then choose the game you want to play.
Easy Spelling Games for 1st Grade
Oh no! The spell-animals are out of their cages! Help the zoo keeper dorp the good and bad spell-animals back to their correct cages.
In this game, the player is given a word and must decide if the word is correctly or incorrectly spelled. The player then places the word into the “good” or “bad” cages.
There are two kinds of water spelloons, good spelloons and mis-spelloons. Pop all the good water spelloons and move on to the next level.
In this game, the player is given six words and must select which of the words are correctly spelled. The player places the slingshot in front of the correctly spelled words to select them.
Watch out! The mean pirates are getting close to shore. Help destroy their ship before it’s too late.
In this game, the player must select the correct letter to complete the word on the ship’s sail. The player follows the ship with the canon and selects when to fire the canon to complete the word.
Normal Spelling Games for 1st Grade
Willy the Wizard loves casting spells but he can’t spell words. Help Willy put the letters back in order to spell the spelling word. Tap on the letters to put them back in order.
In this game, the player must use the wand to capture the letters in the correct order. Spell the entire word correctly to move to the next level.
Oh no! The mean monsters have mixed up all the letters and hid them around the maze. Help Molly the Monster find all the letters in the correct order to spell the spelling word. Make sure to watch out for the mean monsters! Ue your arrows to move around the cave.
In this game, the player navigates the maze to collect letters to spell the word. The player must avoid the purple monsters and the walls to grab the letters.
Help Freddy the Frog move around the busy road and river to collect letters in the correct order to spell the spelling word. Watch out for the cars and water!
In this game, the player uses the arrows to guide the frogs across the street to collect letters. The player must avoid the cars to spell the words.
Hard Spelling Games for 1st Grade
Yolo the Yeti loves the snow but he can’t spell words! Help Yolo collect all the letters to spell the spelling word.
In this game, the player moves the yeti across the screen using the control arrows to collect the letters. The player must avoid to flags and the snow mounds to spell the word.
Oh no! The aliens are attacking! Shoot down the correct letter and all the alien pods will explode.
In this game, the player moves the defender ship with the control arrows to shoot the correct letter. The player must spell the word letter-by-letter. Make sure to avoid the lasers from the alien invaders!
Help Speedy the dinosaur move around the race track to collect letters in the correct order to spell the spelling word. Watch out for the bad letters!
In this game, the player moves the car around the track with the arrows to collect the letters. The player must collect the letters in the correct order while avoiding the incorrect letters.
The Spell-Adactyl is hungry, but he can’t see the difference between good letters and bad letters. Help the Spell-Adactyl eat all the good letters to spell the spelling word.
In this game, the player moves the Spell-Adactyl using the arrows to collect the letters in the correct order. The player must collect the letters in the correct order while avoiding the incorrect letters.
Spelling games | Educational and methodological material on the Russian language on the topic:
SPELLING GAMES.
1.Check Dunno.
Dunno played with words, making one word out of two. Check if he
composed the words correctly?
Paul+Osa = stripes
Kol+Osa = colosses
OG+Wasp-fits
Tooth+I = teeth
oak+b+I = Dubya
2. Who quickly correct the errors. (Subject: Capital letter)
The cards have misspelled text.
Task: Find and correct all capitalization errors as quickly as possible.
3. Read the offer. (Topic: Case endings.)
Cards are made from an album sheet on which sentences are written, but instead of nouns, the corresponding figures are placed.
Assignment: while reading a sentence, students use pictures to name nouns in the appropriate case, choosing the correct ending. nine0003
4. "Choose three words" (The game is used to reinforce any topics in the Russian language)
Purpose: To follow the formation of spelling skills, taking into account the stage of work on spelling.
The choice of words depends on the topics studied or covered.
Nine words are written on 9 cards:
1st set: fish, blizzard, stocking, oak trees, jam, scarecrow, streams, plague, mushroom.
2nd set: entrance, warehouse, crow, hail, filming, treasure, gate, rise, sparrow. nine0003
Bread
CLU-KA
Kali-Ka
Bere-kiki
FILKI
Obl-ki
Pied KI
Marty-ka
Redi-ka
Du-ki
Lo-ki
Tetra-KA
CLA
Tra-
Carko-Ka
Li-KI
Ostro-oki
Promotion-KA
Blue 9000 9000
Refined
Tasks:
Explain spellings by choosing test words.
6. Game "Ball"
Didactic task: Repeat the formulation of clarifying questions and case endings.
Game objective: Help the proposals get to the Ball.
Contents of the game:
Ball in the Grammar Kingdom today. There were many proposals for it. But the sentry will not let them into the palace until each noun from those who have appeared has its conjugation indicated. Help the proposals get to the Ball. What questions does the clock noun ask?
Materials:
A table is drawn on the board, the halves of which are separated by a sentry. The proposal is analyzed by one student, tips from the class are accepted. nine0003
Cherry blossoms in May Mother gave her son a book Swallows are returning from Africa A hare feeds on tree bark Sister came to her brother Sasha wrote a letter A fox hid behind a bush, etc. H a s o v o y In (what?) May blooms (what?) bird cherry. etc.
7. Game "Find the ending"
Didactic task: Repeat the case endings of nouns.
Game task: Find the endings of some words in sayings.
Content of the game:
“The ending is a very changeable, moving part of a word. She can easily get lost. Find the lost endings for these proverbs.” nine0003
Materials:
Cards
- Pick the berries... you will find the box.
- Drop by drop... and the stone hammers.
Without a primer and grammar... Mathematics cannot be learned...
8. The game "Nicknames"
Purpose: formation of the process of inflection and word formation, consolidation of phonetic and grammatical analysis of words, spelling of proper names.
Move: Form animal names from the following words:
BALL, ARROW, EAGLE, RED, STAR
Make proposals.
BALL, ARROW, EAGLE, GINGER, STAR
Highlight the part of the word that you used when composing nicknames (suffix, ending).
9. Game "Team chain game"
Didactic task: Complete the appropriate nouns in the accusative case.
Game objective: Make the chain as long as possible.
Contents of the game and Materials:
- Listening to music, mom...
- I am writing a dictation, a letter,...
- They are building a tower, a house,... etc.
10. The game "Hard - soft"
Purpose: to create conditions for repeating the spelling of hard and soft signs.
Students are divided into two teams. One team is called “Stone”, the other is called “Water”. The “Stone” team gets up if I read a word with a hard sign, if I read a word with a soft sign, the “Water” team gets up.
Words: congress, drive in, blizzard, pours, entrance, pour, announcement, stakes, runners, detour, ears of corn, drink, shooting, etc. nine0003
11.Game: Be careful.
Purpose: to activate memory, attention, vocabulary, based on knowledge of the rules.
Write out from the proposed poems with combinations of zhi, shi:
1. Siskins lived in a hut,
Mice, hedgehogs, swifts,
Walruses come to visit them
Both giraffes and snakes.
2. Vest, animal, belly,
Giraffes, painting, lives,
Briar, tires, reeds,
Cars and pencils,
Circle, serve, be friends and live,
Hurry, make laugh,
Hiss and sew.
All combinations of ZhI and SHI
Only with the letter I write!
12. Game: Slovoznaikin, give me an answer.
Purpose: to determine the level of development of children, to develop memory, thinking, speech.
Children are invited for a certain time to remember and write down as many proverbs and sayings, riddles and quatrains as possible, in which words and a given rule are found - "Spelling of words with combinations of zhi, shi." For example:
Proverbs and sayings:
Life is given for good deeds. nine0363 You can't hide an awl in a bag.
If you hurry, you will make people laugh.
To live life is not a field to cross.
Friendship is like glass, if you break it, you won't stick it together.
Riddles:
Two birch horses
They carry me through the forest.
These red horses,
And their name is ... (skis).
He is tall and spotted
With a long, long neck,
And he eats leaves,
Leaves of trees (giraffe)
Quatrain:
She sewed a fur coat - she sewed a skirt,
She sewed a hat - she sewed a slipper! nine0363 Good seamstress Natasha!
13. Game: Change the letter.
Purpose: to intensify the mental activity of students, develop spelling and phonetic vigilance, attentiveness, logical thinking.
Children are offered the original word with a spelling, they change either one or two sounds in it sequentially, while maintaining the combination -chk-, and receive new words. The one with the most words wins.
daughter pen
barrel river
night candle
bump stove
point kidney
cloud daughter
wheelbarrow night
14. Game: Name one object.
Purpose: to develop methods for checking unstressed vowels.
The teacher says a word denoting many identical objects, and the students name one such object and explain what vowel should be written in the root of the word. For a correct answer, the row receives a point. The winner is determined by the number of points.
Sample material: words: doctors, eyes, rooks, gardens, basins, balls, sides, rains, yards, moles, seas, knives, fruits, fields, horns, etc.
15. Game: Capital letter.
Purpose: to reinforce the rule of capitalization in words.
Equipment: each student has a set of signal cards.
The teacher invites the class to listen carefully to the poem. Then the students mark with signal cards, all the rules for writing a capital letter, which are mentioned in the poem. Next, you need to protect each of your answers, that is, explain which rule is fixed. The winner is the one who manages to protect all signal cards. nine0003
An ordinary letter has suddenly grown, The letter
Has grown above the letters - girlfriends At the line at the beginning,
They look with respect So that we notice the beginning.
In the letter of a friend, First name, last name
But why? Are written with her,
For what merits? To be more noticeable and more visible,
To sound loud and proud
The letter did not want to grow by itself, Your name
The letter is entrusted with an important task: The name of the street, city.
Put in the word Large letter -
Not in vain and not easy Not at all empty,
The letter is so tall.
In a big letter -
Respect sign. (S. Izmailov)
16. Game: Half a minute for a joke.
Purpose: to fix the spelling of the capital letter in animal names.
Equipment: the board contains the names of those animals that are found in Yu. Chernykh's poem: a dog, a chicken, a cow, a cat, a horse.
The teacher asks the children to listen carefully to the poem and say what is wrong with it. The correct answer is rewarded with a game token. Some children add nicknames to the names of animals on the board, while the rest do this work in a notebook. nine0363 Once upon a time there was a grandfather and a woman
With a little granddaughter.
They called their red cat
Zhuchka,
And they called Crested
They called the foal,
And they also had
Burenka hen,
Murka dog,
And two more goats -
Sivka and Burka.
17. Didactic game "Be careful."
Purpose: to activate memory, attention, vocabulary, based on knowledge of the rules.
From the proposed poems write out words with combinations of zhi, shi:
1. They lived in a hut of siskins,
Mice, hedgehogs, swifts,
Walruses come to visit them
And giraffes and snakes.
2. Vest, animal, belly,
Giraffes, painting, lives,
Briar, tires, reeds,
Cars and pencils,
Circle, serve, make friends and live,
Hurry, make laugh,
Hiss and sew.
All combinations of ZhI and SHI
Only with the letter I write!
Didactic games in Russian language lessons
Russian language is one of the most difficult subjects in school. Therefore, it is necessary to develop students' interest in this subject even in elementary school, to make it as joyful and exciting as possible. nine0003
One of the most effective means that can arouse interest in Russian language classes is a didactic game. The purpose of the game is to arouse interest in knowledge, science, books, teachings. At primary school age, the game, along with learning, occupies an important place in the development of the child. When children are included in the situation of a didactic game, interest in learning activity increases sharply, the material being studied becomes more accessible to them, and their working capacity increases significantly.
After all, the fact that the game is part of the educational process is not a secret for anyone. The game helps to form the phonemic perception of the word, enriches the child with new information, activates mental activity, attention, and most importantly, stimulates speech. As a result, children have an interest in the Russian language. Not to mention the fact that didactic games in the Russian language contribute to the formation of the spelling vigilance of a younger student.
Over the course of several years of work in primary school, I observed that Russian language classes do not always arouse interest among students. Some kids find it boring. The unwillingness to study Russian breeds illiteracy. I thought about how to arouse interest in classes, how to improve writing literacy. nine0003
I re-read a lot of literature, analyzed my lessons and came to the conclusion that it is possible to arouse interest in the Russian language if you systematically accumulate and select fascinating material that can attract the attention of each student.
Here are some didactic games and game techniques that I use in my lessons.
1. Game "Make a word" (a series of tasks)
1. Make words from the following letters:
a) k, o, s | a) f, r, o, m | a) l, a, n, e, p, t, a |
b) y, e, b | b) w, a, k, a | b) k, h, a, r, y |
c) m, r, i | c) a, k, y, p | nine0511 |
d) t, o, r | d) b, o, n, f | d) p, o, g, i, r |
e) s, s, r | e) a, c, o, k | e) r, o, d, o, g |
f) e, m, s | f) e, a, c, o | f) k, o, n, o |
2. Decipher what words are hidden here and say which word from the data is superfluous.
1) s, l, u, t | 2) w, y, d, a, p | 3) c, b, a, a, k, o |
w, a, f, k | f, r, a, h, b, f | o, o, r, k, a, v |
f, o, a, k, l | b, i, i, o, l, n | w, k, k, o, a |
k, b, c, a, p, t, o | n, o, i, l, m | c, b, i, i, s, n |
s, l, t, o | a, c, c, i, l | i, a, c, h |
3. Decipher the words and say what common word they can be combined with .
1) p, i, k, a, t | 2) b, o, h, n | 3) d, e, n, and |
t, f, i, u, l | h, e, e, r, c | e, a, r, d |
b, i, i, t, n, o, k | y, o, r, t | s, d, f, n |
g, a, o, p, i, s | n, f, d, b | b, d, d, o, f |
4. Decipher the words and say what groups they can be divided into.
1) e, m, p, o | 2) k, y, a, p | 3) a, k, o, r, o, s |
r, a, e, k | g, i, a, c | c, l, e |
w, a, a, m, r, o, k | a, i, c, l | w, a, y, k |
o, o, e, s, r | x, m, a, y | a, a, b, c, p, k |
b, u, t, l, n, a, p | m, d, e, c, a, y, r | t, r, g, i |
f, c, a, a, l, and | k, v, o, l | a, n, o, o, r, c |
k, f, y | b, o, n, k, y |
II. The game "Confusion"
Decipher the words
GONVA, ZDEVE, OKZAVL, ENNESERKSOV, STOKOVO, MOVEMENT, CHVREA (car, everywhere, station, Sunday, east, ahead, KILINBILZIVA
3 , GLUBV, DRUGV
(vaseline, cornflower, near, deep, suddenly)
G…R…Y | D…R…G… |
D…C…B…L | H…T…V |
G…RY…I… | TO S…I…A…IA |
(hero, hot, ready, December, road, goodbye.)
AB…IKO…, AV…OGRA…, AK…AREL…, AK…ARIU… .
(Apricot, autograph, watercolor, aquarium.)
KONBAL, NABAN, RERAB, ATOBN (balcony, banana, barrier, loaf)
KARKAMOR, LEYAKO, ZYREKKO, MOUSE (closet, rut, visor, reed)
9059OKGEL
ONNELDEM
NIKAZELLA
ANCILEST
SYAMETS
ANITRAK
GAZMAIN
FEEL
INERGEN
CARFELTO
YALURTSAK
RAQUARTI
(easy, stairs, shop, potatoes, slow, month, hello, saucepan, strawberry, painting, engineer, flat)
DBOE, GUROETS, AOSIN, CETO (lunch, cucumber, aspen, father)
TAMELL, ORTEM, KOMOVR, AZAND, LENAVO, OVARPAN (metal, metro, carrot, back, left, right)
TOIG, RIZKAP, ZENOYAM, VMOTI, BOZNO
(total, caprice, mayonnaise, motif, chills. )
R…K…T… | R…S…E…I… |
R…S…K…Z | R…W…T… |
R…S…T…I…I… | R…S….N…K |
(Rocket, story, distance, plant, solve, drawing)
(Which word is superfluous here? (Solve" is a verb, the rest is a noun)
III. "Choose three words"
( The game is used to consolidate any topics in the Russian language)
Purpose: To follow the formation of spelling skills, taking into account the stage of work on spelling
The choice of words depends on the topics studied or covered.0003
Nine words are written on 9 cards:
1st set: fish, blizzard, stocking, oak trees, jam, scarecrow, streams, plague, mushroom.
2nd set : entrance, warehouse, crow, hail, filming, treasure, gate, lift, sparrow.
Two people take cards in turn, the winner is the one who first has three words with the same spelling.
I | fish | nine0511 stocking | II | entrance | warehouse | crow |
oaks | jam | stuffed animal | shooting | deg | gate | |
mushroom | streams | chum | lift | treasure | sparrow |
IV. The game "Nicknames"
Purpose: formation of the process of inflection and word formation, consolidation of phonetic and grammatical analysis of words, spelling of proper names.
Move: Form animal names from the following words:
BALL, ARROW, EAGLE, RED, STAR
Write sentences.
BALL, ARROW, EAGLE, GINGER, STAR
Highlight the part of the word that you used when composing nicknames (suffix, ending).
V. The game "Postman"
Purpose: To consolidate students' knowledge of selecting a test word, expand vocabulary, develop phonemic hearing.
Move: The postman distributes invitations to a group of children (4-5 people each). nine0003
Children determine where they are invited.
garden | park | sea | school | canteen | zoo |
paddles | roads | flats | books | loafs | adhesive |
kali-ka | birches | bottles | covers | pyros | March |
radish | dou-ki | lo-ki | tetra | slips | tractor | nine0081
carrot | li-ki | sharps | blotter | blackheads | rack |
Tasks:
- Explain spellings by choosing test words.
- Make sentences using the given words.
VI. Runaway Bear Game
Didactic task: Repeat the case endings of nouns.
Game task: Complete the story from which the bear “ran away”.
Content of the game: “Look at this story. You see it with passes. Actually, this is a story about a bear, but the bear himself escaped from it. Please return the word “bear” to the sentences, replacing the endings with questions.”
Materials: “Not every hunter had a chance to meet (whom?).... It is dangerous to approach (to whom?) Closely. I saw (who?)... at the zoo. In the forest you can watch (for whom?) for ... only from a distance. The forester told us a lot of interesting things (about whom?) about...”
The game "Remove the extra car"
Purpose of the game: to create conditions for fixing the composition of the word, to teach to see a word that differs from the rest in its composition.
Now guys, let's play a little. Three trains have arrived at the station. Each train consists of four cars. When the cars were attached to the train, they made a mistake by attaching an extra car that did not fit this train (three trains appear on the board). You guys need to find that extra car. The words written on each wagon will help you do this. nine0003
Hint. Extra words differ from other words written on the cars in their composition.
Each row gets its own train, before making a decision, discuss it with your row, determine the person who will express a common opinion.
Train No. 1
race, swim, law, launch.
- Word, on which car is this extra?
- Extra word law, on the third carriage? nine0314
- Why?
The words written on the remaining three cars have a prefix, but the word law has no prefix.
That's right guys, well done. The extra car has been removed from the train. The train can continue on its way. Now write down all the words, except for the word law, and highlight the prefixes in them.
Train No. 2
kettle, coffee pot, milk jug, broom.
- Which word is superfluous.
- The word broom is superfluous, since, unlike other words, it does not have
suffixes. - Write down the words with suffixes.
Train number 2 can continue. Well done boys.
Train number 3
watch, win, think, mourn.
- What a wagon, this is superfluous.
- A car with the word win, since this word does not have a prefix.
- Write down words with prefixes.
Well done guys. You did a good job. nine0003
VIII. The game "Hard - soft"
Purpose: to create conditions for repeating the spelling of hard and soft characters.
Students are divided into two teams. One team is called "Stone", the other - "Water". The “Stone” team gets up if I read a word with a hard sign, if I read a word with a soft sign, the “Water” team gets up.
Words: congress, enter, blizzard, pours, entrance, pour, announcement, stakes, runners, detour, ears of corn, drink, filming, etc. nine0506
IX. Game "Answer and check"
- Where does the beet grow? (in the garden)
- Where are the letters written? (In a notebook)
- What do we clean in the morning? (Teeth)
- Are we dressing in the cold? (fur coats)
- We love to play ... (snowballs)
- Eat for the holiday ... (pies)
(What do the words have in common? There is a suffix -to-)
X. The game "Help the Pencil"
In the development of a child's speech, his creative thinking, the game "Help the Pencil" is of great importance. A cheerful pencil with a poster on which the words are written comes to visit the children. The pencil thought about how best to draw a picture. “Children help the pencil, make up a story. nine0003
Summer weather | autumn leaves | winter cold |
Sky river fish | rain falling leaves | snow drift, ice |
Fishing rod fun | migratory birds | snowman slide |
In the morning in the air | days and nights | let's go for a ride |
It turned out like this picture (on the reverse side there is a picture of summer, autumn, winter, spring).
XI. The game "Syllabic Auction"
(name not objects, but actions of objects). Yes(et), po(et), be(ret), zhi(et)…
XII. The game "Chain of words"
The teacher writes down a noun on the blackboard, it is necessary to form a chain of words from it so that each subsequent noun begins with the letter that stands at the end of the previous one. Determine the gender and number of a noun
Fur coat - album - shop - legs - ... etc.
XIII. “Harvest”
(the names of vegetables are written on the cards) The essence of the game: the first student collects masculine nouns, and the other feminine.
XIV. The game "Think and write down"
The teacher will put the cut out consonants on the board: t, d, c, l. Students should write down as many words as possible with these unpronounceable consonants. For example,
T | D | B | L |
sad | star | hello | sun |
known | holiday | feeling | ladder |
heart | happy |
|
|
Conclusion
Game technologies allow creating favorable conditions for gaining knowledge of the Russian language.