What is a upper case letters
Upper-case letters Definition & Meaning
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- More About Upper Case Letters
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Capital letters. (Compare lower-case letters.)
QUIZ
WILL YOU SAIL OR STUMBLE ON THESE GRAMMAR QUESTIONS?
Smoothly step over to these common grammar mistakes that trip many people up. Good luck!
Question 1 of 7
Fill in the blank: I can’t figure out _____ gave me this gift.
Words nearby upper-case letters
upper bound, Upper Canada, Upper Canadian, Upper Carboniferous, uppercase, upper-case letters, upper chamber, Upper Chinook, upper class, upperclassman, upper crust
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
MORE ABOUT UPPER CASE LETTERS
What are
uppercase letters?Uppercase letters are capital letters—the bigger, taller versions of letters (like W), as opposed to the smaller versions, which are called lowercase letters (like w).
Uppercase means the same thing as capital. Uppercase letters can also be called capitals.
Some uppercase letters are just larger, taller versions of their lowercase counterparts (like uppercase W and lowercase w or uppercase C and lowercase c), but in many cases the two versions of the letter take different forms altogether, such as uppercase A and lowercase a or uppercase B and lowercase b.
To capitalize a word is to make its first letter an uppercase letter. For example, to capitalize the word polish (which is here spelled with a lowercase p), you would write it with an uppercase P, as Polish.
The state of being capitalized or uppercase (or the process of making a letter an uppercase letter) is called capitalization, as in Please check your paper for proper punctuation and capitalization.
In English, uppercase letters are used at the beginning of words for a few different reasons. It is considered a standard rule of English to use an uppercase letter to start proper nouns (which are nouns that refer to specific people, places, or things—meaning one’s that have specific names), such as Jess, Mexico, and Nintendo. Using an uppercase letter at the start of a word can change the way the reader interprets its meaning, as in the case of polish (a verb meaning to make something shinier) and Polish (an adjective describing someone from Poland) or apple (the fruit) and Apple (the company).
We also use an uppercase letter for the first letter of the first word in a sentence.
Sometimes, we use an uppercase letter for the first letter of each word in a title, as in To All The Boys I’ve Loved Before. This is sometimes called title case.
Some acronyms and abbreviations are written using all uppercase letters, such as NASA and U.S. A word written entirely in uppercase letters (like WHAT) is said to be written in caps or all caps.
Example: A lot of people don’t bother using uppercase letters in text messages unless they want to emphasize something.
Where does
uppercase letter come from?The term uppercase letter has been used since at least the 1730s. The words uppercase and lowercase come from printing. The process of physically printing things with printing presses involved trays, called cases, that were divided into compartments for holding different kinds of type (blocks with letters on them).
The upper case held capital letters and the lower case held what came to be known as lowercase letters.
It can be confusing to know whether or not to use an uppercase letter in certain situations, but a capitalization guide can help.
Did you know ... ?
What are some other forms related to uppercase letter?
- upper-case letter (alternate hyphenated spelling)
- upper case letter (alternate two-word spelling)
What are some synonyms for uppercase letter?
- capital letter
- capital
- uppercase (when uppercase is used as a noun)
What are some words that share a root or word element with uppercase letter?
- uppercase
- lowercase
- lowercase letter
- letter
What are some words that often get used in discussing uppercase letter?
- capitalize
- capitalization
- spelling
- first
- word
- sentence
- title
How are
uppercase letters used in real life?Uppercase letters are used in the beginning of names and other proper nouns, at the beginning of sentences, at the beginning of words in titles, and in some abbreviations.
In casual use, a word might be written in uppercase letters for emphasis.
She’s back with the classics and the riddles and the puzzles. The uppercase letters say APRIL NINTH. 👏🏻 @taylorswift13 You deserve this, so much. 💛 https://t.co/x7KsswdBPj
— anne⁰⁰ ఌ😺 (@ANNEtisocial) February 11, 2021
Identifying and matching uppercase and lowercase letters using these colorful underwater themed cards. Games make learning fun! 🐟 🐠 #IslipENL #LearningIsFun @WingElemIslip pic.twitter.com/QjUSLvuZ57
— Jaclyn Brady (@JaclynBrady17) February 5, 2021
i wonder if i’ll ever use uppercase letters for anything besides emphasis again
— h☼ (@hl_cutie) July 8, 2019
Try using
uppercase letters!Which of the following kinds of words is often spelled with an uppercase letter at the beginning?
A.
proper nouns
B. the first word in a sentence
C. the first word in a title
D. all of the above
How to use upper-case letters in a sentence
Certain features of its history suggest why this may be the case.
Anti-Fluoriders Are The OG Anti-Vaxxers|Michael Schulson|July 27, 2016|DAILY BEAST
And, in the case of fluoride, at least, that doubt might actually be justified.
Anti-Fluoriders Are The OG Anti-Vaxxers|Michael Schulson|July 27, 2016|DAILY BEAST
Her latest book, Heretic: The Case for a Muslim Reformation, will be published in April by HarperCollins.
Ayaan Hirsi Ali: Our Duty Is to Keep Charlie Hebdo Alive|Ayaan Hirsi Ali|January 8, 2015|DAILY BEAST
Their friendship began when Krauss, who was chairman of the physics department at Case Western in Cleveland, sought out Epstein.
Sleazy Billionaire’s Double Life Featured Beach Parties With Stephen Hawking|M.L. Nestel|January 8, 2015|DAILY BEAST
A grand juror in the Ferguson case is suing to be able to explain exactly what went down in the courtroom.
Politicians Only Love Journalists When They're Dead|Luke O’Neil|January 8, 2015|DAILY BEAST
“Perhaps you do not speak my language,” she said in Urdu, the tongue most frequently heard in Upper India.
The Red Year|Louis Tracy
The case was an assault and battery that came off between two men named Brown and Henderson.
The Book of Anecdotes and Budget of Fun;|Various
In this case, I suspect, there was co-operant a strongly marked childish characteristic, the love of producing an effect.
Children's Ways|James Sully
On the upper part of the stem the whorls are very close together, but they are more widely separated at the lower portion.
How to Know the Ferns|S. Leonard Bastin
Sometimes in the case of large plants, cones have been known to occur on the tips of the branches of the Marsh Horsetail.
How to Know the Ferns|S. Leonard Bastin
Lowercase and Uppercase Letters: Definition and Meaning
The 26 letters in the English alphabet can take two forms: uppercase and lowercase.
Each form serves a different function. Most of the letters you see in writing are lowercase.
Definition of Lowercase Letters
Lowercase letters are smaller and sometimes take a slightly different form than their uppercase counterparts.
Notice the L that starts the word Lowercase in the previous sentence. It’s larger than the other letters and looks different than the l in the word letters.
Lowercase letters are used more often than uppercase letters. They follow the first letter of a sentence or the first letter of a proper noun.
English Alphabet Lowercase Letters
These are the lowercase forms of each of the 26 letters in the English alphabet.
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
Definition of Uppercase Letters
Uppercase letters, also called capital letters, are used to start sentences and as the initial letter of a proper noun.
Uppercase letters are larger than their lowercase counterparts. Though most uppercase letters look similar to their lowercase partners, others take slightly different forms.
English Alphabet Uppercase (Capital) Letters
These are the uppercase or capital forms of the 26 letters in the English alphabet.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
When Should You Use Lowercase Letters?
It’s easier to explain the function of lowercase letters by saying what they don’t do. Lowercase letters do not start sentences and are not used as the initial letter of a proper noun.
They are used for all the remaining letters in sentences and following the first letter of proper nouns.
Most of the letters you write will be lowercase. A quick scan of this article shows that uppercase letters are used in specific circumstances and lowercase are used everywhere else!
In the first sentence of the paragraph above, Most of the letters you write will be lowercase., only the M in Most is an uppercase letter. All the others are lowercase.
Use Lowercase Letters with Common Nouns
Nouns are words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea. There are two types of nouns: common and proper.
Common nouns refer to a non-specific person, place, thing, or idea. They are generic terms. The chart below shows the common noun version of the proper nouns used above.
| Proper noun (capitalize first letter) | Common noun (lowercase letters) |
|---|---|
| Joanna | person |
| London | city |
| France | country |
| Tuesday | weekday |
| September | month |
Proper nouns refer to a specific person, place, thing, or idea.
For example, the name of a particular person, city, country, day of the week, or month is a proper noun.
- Joanna
- London
- France
- Tuesday
- September
The initial letter of a proper noun is an uppercase letter. The rest are lowercase.
A grammar guru, style editor, and writing mentor in one package.
Try it for free!Sentence Examples with Proper and Common Nouns
These sentences contain both proper and common nouns (in bold). The proper nouns are capitalized, the common nouns contain only lowercase letters.
- After work, Sue met friends for dinner.
- The ancient poet Homer wrote The Odyssey and The Iliad.
- My favorite day of the week is Sunday, and my favorite month is July.
When Should You Use Uppercase Letters?
Most often, capital letters are used to start sentences and proper nouns, but those aren’t the only times.
This list explains other circumstances that require uppercase letters.
1. The first word of a quote that’s part of a complete sentence
When an embedded quote is also a complete sentence, the first word of that quote should be capitalized.
- Mary said, “We should go to the beach.”
2. Titles of literary or artistic works
Capitalize the first, last, and all other words in a title except conjunctions, articles, and prepositions of fewer than four letters. This is called “Title Case.” (Some style guides have even more specific guidelines, so always check!)
- To Kill a Mockingbird
- The Hunger Games
- The Fault in Our Stars
3. Professional titles preceding a person’s name
When a title such as “Dr.” or “President” precedes a specific person’s name, capitalize it.
- We will now hear from Dr. Jones, our keynote speaker.
- President Biden will give a speech later today.
Use lowercase letters if the title is used as a description or not followed by a specific name.
- The keynote speaker is Martin Jones, a doctor.
- I’m watching the president give a speech.
If you feel overwhelmed by the different rules of capitalization, remember that ProWritingAid is here to help!
It’s a thorough grammar checker (and more) that will detect errors in capitalization for you.
4. The pronoun “I”
You should always capitalize the pronoun “I.”
5. Acronyms and Initialisms
An acronym is a word formed by taking the first letter of each word of a compound term. Initialisms are similar abbreviations, except that the letters are pronounced individually rather than forming a new word.
- PIN is an acronym for personal identification number and is pronounced as the word “pin”
- FBI is an initialism for the Federal Bureau of Investigation and is pronounced as individual letters F-B-I
Some phrases are also abbreviated as initialisms:
- “Talk to you later” is TTYL
- “As soon as possible” is ASAP
Acronyms and initialisms should always appear in uppercase form.
6. When adding emphasis
Be careful with this use of uppercase letters!
When you put words or sentences in ALL CAPS, a practice often seen in texts or posts, you add emphasis to your words. Consider how that emphasis will be perceived.
ALL CAPS statements carry more aggression and intensity than lowercase words. That’s not always a bad thing.
For example, texting someone “HAPPY BIRTHDAY!” instead of “Happy birthday” is a way to convey excitement and show you really mean those good wishes.
Other times, ALL CAPS can sound accusatory, demeaning, or rude.
Remember that ALL CAPS in writing makes it seem as though the speaker is yelling. Keep that in mind before you press “send” on your uppercase text or post!
A Summary of Lowercase and Uppercase Letters
Lowercase letters are used for common nouns and for every letter after the initial letter of the first word of a sentence.
Uppercase letters are most often used at the start of sentences and as the first letter of proper nouns, though there are other times to use the capital letter form too.
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CAPITAL LETTERS - what are they (large or small)? Example
Capital letters are uppercase letters that are larger than lowercase letters.
What are capital letters?
In Russian writing, letters differ in their graphic design: some are large, others are small or lowercase. Large letters are often referred to as capital letters. As can be understood from this "speaking" name, they begin headings, that is, they indicate the beginning of
- sentences
- period
- paragraphs
- stanzas
- someone else's speech, etc.
- By everyone is born for some work, - objected E.
Hemingway and added:
- By everyone who walks the earth has his duties in life.In an old style heals me.
E There is charm in ancient speech.
About is not like your words
and are more modern and sharper.Bella Akhmadulina
Capital letters are a common name. In Russian, a special linguistic term is used - capital letters. Once upon a time, at the dawn of handwriting, they were really carefully written at the beginning of a line, and decorated in every possible way to distinguish them from other ordinary letters. Emphasizing the initial letter of the first word is the oldest writing technique that was used before the invention of printing. When typography appeared, the tradition of using capital letters at the beginning of a sentence and to highlight proper names was preserved. nine0005
Let's consider in detail the cases in which uppercase or lowercase letters are used in modern Russian.
The use of capital letters
Capital letters are used not only in headings, at the beginning of sentences, but also to highlight certain words found anywhere in written speech. These special words include
- proper names;
- items.
In Russian orthography, proper names must be written with a capital letter:
1. names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames of people, names of gods, mythical creatures, fairy-tale and literary heroes
- Tanya, Vasilek, Andryushka;
- Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin;
- Gaius Julius Caesar;
- Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko;
- O'Henry (William Sidney Porter)
- Curly, Chernysh, Beetle, Top;
- Zeus, Hera, Apollo; nine0077
- Vasilisa the Beautiful, Cinderella, The Nutcracker.
2. animal names
- Tortilla turtle;
- cat Marquis;
- dog Oliver;
3.
geographical names, except for generic words (krai, region, district, city, settlement, village, river, lake, mountain, sea, bay, etc.) - Krasnodar Territory;
- Saratov region;
- City of Mosty;
- Veliky Ustyug;
- Sokol settlement;
- Ponizovye village;
- Volga river;
- Lake Seliger;
- Red Sea;
- Everest.
4. astronomical names
- Cygnus constellation;
- Solar Galaxy;
- Alpha Centauri. nine0077
The words "Earth", "Moon" and "Sun" as the names of celestial bodies are written with a capital letter and with a lowercase letter if they are used as common nouns. Compare:
Recently, astronomers have difficulty distinguishing spots on the Sun.
Rosehip stood with large flowers turned towards the sun, covered with many buds (K.
G. Paustovsky). Note that in proper names all words , their components, are capitalized , except for nouns denoting generic concepts and service words, for example:
- city of Rostov-on-Don;
- Ludwig van Beethoven;
- Vicomte de Bragelonne;
- Vasco da Gamma.
In this way, proper names differ from the names of organizations, institutions, industrial associations, architectural monuments, etc.
In titles, capitalize only the first word , for example:
- Socio-Political Research Foundation;
- Research Institute of Road Engineering;
- Main Department of Internal Affairs;
- House of scientists;
- Bronze Horseman.
The name may contain more capital letters if it contains a proper name, for example:
- Kristall Association;
- Information Telegraph Agency of Russia;
- Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory;
- Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
The capital letter is also used in pronouns you, you, your in documents, business letters when addressing one person politely.
Capital and lower case letters - frwiki.wiki
This page contains special or non-Latin characters. If some of the characters in this article don't display correctly (blank boxes, question marks, and etc. ), See the Unicode help page.
In handwritten or mechanical, typographical, or computer-based writing , uppercase and uppercase letters denote a form of a letter larger than the current letter, called "lowercase" or "lower case", used either as the beginning of a word or to highlight sentences or whole words.
In typography, some authors distinguish between capital and small letters. An uppercase letter has a different glyph (drawn by the letter) from a lowercase letter glyph, simple format.
The capital letter is the starting location determined by the rules of orthotypography, which most of the time is done as a capital letter. nine0005 Summary
- 1 Capital
- 2 Upper case
- 3 Difference between capitals and capitals
- 4 uses
- 4.1 Headings
- 5 Emphasis on caps and caps
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Greek case
- 5.3 Emphasis on major current operating systems
- 6 Examples
- 6.1 From uppercase to uppercase and lowercase
- 7 Electronic messages
- 8 Notes and references
- 9 See also
- 9.1 Bibliography
- 9.2 Related articles
- 9.3 External links
Capital
Capital is the case to use when creating in "capital letters" in two-chamber scenarios. Thus the glyph (obvious character trace) ‹B› is the capital letter ‹b› in the Latin alphabet, ‹β› in the Greek alphabet, and ‹в› in the Cyrillic alphabet.
The outline of capitals, which is opposed to lower case, is very often distinguished not only by the glyph, but also by the eye. nine0005 Examples of writing the first five letters of three languages Capitals Capitals Lowercase letters Latin A B C D E a B C D E a B C D E Cyrillic ABCDE abcwhere abcwhere Greek ΑΒΓΔΕ αβγδε αβγδε The name “capital letters” is due to the fact that these characters are located in the printing house, in the upper part of the case, that is, in the “head” of the cassettes designed to accommodate all characters. By contrast, lower case letters are also referred to as "lowercase letters" or simply "lowercase letters".
There are also small caps. Thus the name of the capital appeared on the printing press, the Romans never used it. Upper case
On the other hand, capital letter (from Latin majuscula , "a little more") is a character located at the beginning of certain words. Each language defines its usage. More often, but not exclusively, capital letters are denoted by capital letters (hence the confusion). Some types of characters, such as the Gothic family, which reproduce models from the Middle Ages, actually have lowercase letters, which are used to write text, and "uppercase letters", which are capital letters only, since you don't write whole words. Most handwritten fonts or printers that use this principle are not caps but capital letters. In classical French writing, uppercase letters are called "head letters" and lowercase letters are called "secondary letters". nine0005
Difference between capital and small letters
Sentence: "LONGTEMPS MARIANNE GETS BONNE HEURE" is written in capital letters, but only the first (L) and tenth (M) letters are capitalized.
We will understand this better if we write this sentence with a capital letter and a small letter: “Marianna went to bed early for a long time”. Capitals and capital letters are distinguished by their purpose:
- the use of a capital letter is dictated by the rules of spelling: in French they will be used, for example, for the initial letter of a sentence or a proper name; nine0012
- capitals are the result of a choice of typographic composition. Their use is not so much standard as a specific solution. For example, a publisher or newspaper may decide in its graphic charter to capitalize book or article titles and capitalize subheadings.
Capitalization rules vary from one language to another.
Each bicameral language has its own capitalization rules: for example, in French we don't capitalize language names; this, however, is the case for the English language. In German, all nouns, common and proper, are capitalized. Some digraphs, when they should be in capital letters, are notable: in French, the absence of a ligature in 'Oedipe' is incorrect; in fact, the capital digram is written "Œ": "Oedipus".
In Dutch, the associated digraph ‹ij› is written ‹IJ› in capital letters: ‹IJsselmeer› rather than ‹Ijsselmeer›. nine0005 "Write in capital letters" makes no sense in typography in this regard. However, it is a regular expression, as is "initial capital letter", an expression that is inherently redundant.
The confusion between these two terms is actually very general and the difference between these two words belongs especially to jargon from typography.
Uses
In titles
The rule for writing title articles applies to other proper nouns: in fact, they change after the preposition ("à le" → "au", "de le" → "du", "de les" → "Des") or can be replaced by a possessive, demonstrative or even numeral. Therefore, they are not taken into account in the primary alphabetical classifications (see Dictionaries of proper names or titles of works). The article often wraps to the end, where it only counts as an extra key, in parentheses, or after a punctuation mark such as a comma.
Therefore, there is no capitalization in the article, but only a lowercase letter written in capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. nine0005 To understand the nuance, you need to understand the difference between:
- capital letter, an internal and immutable property of a word's initial, initials, or abbreviation (this word cannot be abbreviated, modified, etc., which makes the word legal and cannot be written with "lowercase" or "lowercase capitalization" letter"), a property that is the opposite of the lower case used in all other cases of middle or final letters, and for all common words, including all letters, is always a lower case letter (even in initial placed at the beginning of a sentence!), and
- capital letter (also called "haut-de-casse"), which denotes only typographic case for writing, a concept associated in French with a spelling rule that forbids writing "small case" or "small capital" but requires the writing " capital" case or "big cap" case in all words at the beginning of a sentence, whether they are proper or regular, and therefore whether those words begin in upper or lower case.
nine0012
Historically, some French lower case letters also had more than the three cases still in use today ("lower case" is usually but incorrectly called "lowercase" in the middle and end of a sentence, "capital" case is a concept .Different from "capital letter" is too often used incorrectly, and the case "small cap") with additional cases depending on the position in the word or sentence (case "s" or "z", which also distinguished the cases "Medial" and "final ' among 'lowercase', and 'i' or 'u' before they are written from the new letters 'j' and 'v'). nine0005
On the other hand, capital letters generally exist today in only one case (the "uppercase"), but "large caps" (often referred to as the initial letter when it is decorative and spans multiple lines) still occasionally exists in at the beginning of a paragraph (but only today in a decorative manner), whereas before the distinction had the meaning of punctuation, to tell whether a sentence continues a previous paragraph or a new paragraph begins.
Different case is not an intrinsic property of a word, unlike the very strict distinction in French between lowercase and uppercase letters. nine0005 Confusion between "upper case/lower case" (an invariant and inherent property of word composition) and "upper/lower case" (a variable property of written characters within orthogrammatic rules) is common. characters of text, even with Unicode), we introduce a distinction between only two of the possible cases (the other cases are obtained by the formatting functions of the text processes and are not encoded into the text itself), but not a distinction (however semantic and fundamental) between upper and lower case that make up words (and have keys misnamed "upper case" or "caps lock" when it's exactly "upper case" and "upper case lock")! nine0005
But dictionaries and encyclopedias make this distinction (particularly because it makes it possible to determine the correct use of spelling in various permitted and prohibited cases).
Therefore, when compiling texts, even more attention should be paid (especially in any work of an encyclopedic nature or in a dictionary) to the correct use of capital letters (capital, large, capital, initial).
On the one hand, as well as lowercase or small capital letters, on the other hand, in particular because it allows to determine, at least in part, the internal nature of words consisting of unchanged lowercase and uppercase letters, and to identify spelling mutations, grammatical, morphological and phonetic sanctioned. by language. nine0005 The initial grammatical article may be part of the title, but its place or form, abbreviated or not, is not imposed, because on the first level it does not matter, only its semantics distinguishes between definite/indefinite definitions (and not always yet). Examples:
- “Having written his Turkish March , Mozart […]”,
- “I really liked the interpretation of this Turkish March . ",
- "This is the most successful Turkish March, which I must have heard about from this concert player. ",
- “This second Turkish March is my favorite. (Note that the capitalization of the first significant word is necessary to avoid confusion with another similar heading, while italics are optional when writing).
- In the dictionaries of the titles of works there is a written name " Turkish March" . ", otherwise writes" Turkish March ". ”, but the work will always be classified with the letter M, not the letter L.
- In a telephone directory or a French dictionary, looking at proper names (of people, cities, geographic places, etc.) starting with "la", "le", "les", "l'", "aux", we see that if there is no hyphen, the article is in lowercase, is separable, and is not taken into account when sorting at the first level; otherwise, it is counted as an immutable element. For example, "Bouches du Rhone", "Le Mans" (no hyphen, because this is a necessary element, but it can be changed or moved). nine0021
- English also has this distinction between significant and non-significant words in titles of works, with the only difference being that in French only a mandatory upper case (capital letter) is required for the first significant word of the title.
all significant words. In both languages, only uppercase is required for the first word of a heading if it is general and meaningful, regular, or at the beginning of a sentence. nine0012 - French requires lowercase (or small caps) for all other occurrences of lowercase letters (and forbids them from using uppercase (capitals or large caps), unlike English, which, if it allows, does not impose uppercase on the first regular heading word, when it has no meaning, capitalize (capital letters) in the initials of all significant heading terms.
- It is indeed discouraged in both languages to write in full capital letters, except for proper nouns, but their internal accents should always be preserved in order to preserve possible differences in the spelling of homographs. nine0012
- "CHILD ON HIS FATHER'S TOMB", or the famous "ZHURES-KILLER";
- "LEGAL SONS OF LOUIS XIV . Here the ambiguity is serious, since the meaning of the sentence can be radically changed: "legitimate" sons are just the exact opposite of "legitimate" sons;
- "LAWYERS WILL FATE";
- "PALACE OF CONGRESS"; nine0012
- "EXIT 42";
- "INTERNSHIP";
- "INTERNAL MURDERS" (four options).
- TWO CASH POINTS ;
- WORKER TU ;
- PEDESTRIAN TURNED UP HIS BROTHER. "
- 48173 SAINT MICHEL DESAIS
- ↑
"Some authors see a difference between these two words, which indicates, for example, that in word PAUL P is a capital letter and the rest of the letters are small caps. I reply that in the half century I have worked in the printing industry, I have never seen this distinction applied. This is an unnecessary nuance that complicates everything. For me, the words capital and capital are synonyms. "
- Ramat 2008, p. 69 .
- ↑ Due to limitations of some applications or the font used, these are not always true small caps, but often large caps are reduced in a homothetic way, making them leaner than normal caps as the fat is also reduced; in this case they are called "false capitals".
nine0012 - ↑ (en-US) " Title Caps Tool - Capitalize Title ", in Title Caps Tool - Capitalize Title (last accessed June 6, 2019)
- ↑ Recommendations of the French Academy.
- ↑ Printer's Manual , 6- e edition, § 252.
- ↑ Ramat 2008, cited by Quebec proofreaders and editors, mentions: “We must capitalize all accents and diacritics, except for signs and abbreviations when they are written in capital letters. ". nineNina Katak, "Flat accent" in Le Délires de l'orthographe , Plain, 1989, pp. 145 (ISBN 2-259-02136-0) .
- ↑ However, on some laptops, it is possible to activate the numeric keypad (the blue numbers located on the letters below the 789 numbers) by pressing the Fn + NumLock keys.
The user then returns to desktop computers with a numeric keypad. - ↑ October 24, 2014 Answer to the question "Are any characters missing on the French keyboard under Windows?" May 27, 2014 at Site answers.microsoft.com/fr , accessed 28 October 2017
- ↑ Acute dead key is found on the keyboards of Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Canada (French-speaking countries).
- ↑ MSKLC, on the Microsoft website.
- ↑ Keyboard driver examples: Emphasis on my name site - Keyboards page.
- ↑ For AZERTY keyboards, you can also refer to this file.
- ↑ (ru) Autohotkey.
- ↑ Example with bepo: [1] . nine0012
- ↑ Creating portable keyboards for Windows.
- ↑ Emile Benveniste, Dictionary of Indo-European Institutions , volume 1: economics, kinship, society; 1969. Les Editions de Minuit.
- ↑ " GRRR - Why do we write CRIER in capital letters?" ", Le Monde.fr , (read online consultation February 15, 2020) .
- Glossary of typographic rules used in the Imprimerie Nationale , Imprimerie Nationale, 1990 (ISBN 2-11-081075-0) ; 2002 reissue (ISBN 2-7433-0482-0) ; reprints October 2007 and November 2008 (ISBN 978-2-7433-0482-9) .
- Jean-Pierre Colignon, Capital capital letter! , Paris, Albin Michel, col. "Les dicos d'or", .
- Albert Doppagne, capital letters, abbreviations, symbols and acronyms: Pour une toilette perfect du texte , Bruxelles, De Boeck & Larcier, Duculot, 4- e , 96 p.
(ISBN 978-2-8041-5646-6) . - Eric Martini, A small guide to typography , Paris, Glyph, , 74 pp. (ISBN 978-2-35815-038-5) .
- Aurel Ramat, Le Ramat de la typographie , editor Aurel Ramat, ( ISBN 978-2-922366-04-4) .
- Aurel Ramat and Anne-Marie Benoist, Typography Ramat , , 10- e ed (ISBN 978-2-9813513-0-2, online presentation) .
- Bicameral scenario
- Unicameral Letter
- Tiny
- Orthotypography
- Small capital
- Use of capital letters in French
- Printing house
- Emphasis on capitalization at www.
The titles of works also follow the same French logic because, as such, they are proper names, even if they consist of common and proper words. With the exception of the initial minor article, the rest of the title remains unchanged.
The rules are well established in reference books, especially dictionaries and encyclopedias, even if less emphasis is placed on typography elsewhere. Wikipedia should use the typographical conventions of encyclopedias, as these conventions are established and even standardized: there are many legal texts recognized by international standards (in particular ISO standards, applied in France by AFNOR standards, in Canada by CSA standards, etc.
) relating to examples bibliographic references, place names, names of people and transcriptions for reference purposes. nine0005 And this confusion is far from over, given the ingenuity of typographers who have also managed to create and use "large lowercase letters" as an additional case to transcribe words composed ... in capital letters, or even use uppercase lowercase letters. (whose symbols are typically used to transcribe lowercase letters) instead of uppercase letters to transcribe symbolic words composed of uppercase letters (see below for an example of the mandatory titles of some books). nine0005
Emphasis on capital letters and capital letters
Basic provisions
In French, "stress has a full orthographic meaning." Thus, the Académie française recommends using an accent or umlaut on a capital letter, much like using a cedilla. Thus, quality publications write capital letters (like capital letters) with accents and other diacritics, just like lowercase letters; they also take care to respect the symbols and special characters (ligatures, diphthongs) that are often used in modern texts.
Indeed, diacritics play an important role in the languages in which they are used. nine0005 However, in most of the francophone world (francophone Switzerland in particular, but not Canada), only capital and lowercase words are accented in everyday texts. Diacritical marks are systematically reproduced only in neat editions: dictionaries, encyclopedias, the collection Pléiade, etc.
We therefore find the written "State" ( sic ) in current publications and "State" in neat publications.
A simple reading of book titles in the library or school textbooks reveals that the use of capital letters is outdated and widespread. The practice of no capitalization and uppercase accents is rooted in the use of fixed-size capitals in print. The greater the height of an accented capital letter, the solution was to either engrave the special characters for accented capital letters by reducing the height of the letter, or to put the accent after the letter, or simply not to put the accent.
The latter option has often been used for centuries, and sometimes still is, although with the advent of computers, these difficulties have now disappeared. nine0005 A fourth variant, which is used particularly on television and sometimes in large short texts for posters or commercials, is to reduce the height of the accents to a strict minimum and put them in capital letters due to the low height of the accents. TV screen, as illustrated by France Télévisions, which created its own version of Heldustry with accents glued to the letters (Heldustry FTV), or Canal +, which created its own variation of Futura and DIN, despite their poor readability. nine0005
The absence of accents or cedillas in all-caps sentences is ambiguous:
Linguist Nina Katach said: “Today I ask the question: do we need two accents, high and low? Always at the forefront, our printing press has solved the problem (another mundane problem) of unstressed capitals and the unsightly appearance of lopsided accents in titles with a no-burr procedure: with just one accent, horizontal, commonly called flat-accent [or even macron ]: nine0005
The French Post, for its part, recommends (to facilitate automatic sorting) that the locality according to the postal code be composed using capital letters without accents and without punctuation marks. This requirement is mandatory for line 6 (represented by locality), does not apply to line 1 - th line, the name of the recipient, who can keep their diacritics. In addition, the word "holy" should be shortened.
So, for example, Saint-Michel-de-Deux should be mentioned in an address in the form: Case of Greek
lowercase text with uppercase letters receives diacritics. In fact, a word like ἄνθρωπος / ánthrôpos , "man", is written Ἄνθρωπος with a large capital letter and ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ with capital letters. The capital letter of the first letter of the word is alpha nu, the capital letter is a diacritic, carrying a soft spirit and a sharp accent.
Same system in Modern Greek for stress: the word άνθρωπος / ánthropos , "man", is written Άνθρωπος with a large capital letter, but ΩΠΟΣ in capital letters. On the other hand, the umlaut should always be used no matter what: Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση ("European Union") is written in capital letters ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗ ΕΝΩΣΗ. nine0005
Emphasis on major common operating systems
Other problems remain: under Windows, on AZERTY French keyboards, where grave and acute accents are systematically associated with lowercase letters (‹é›, ‹è›, ‹à›, ‹ù›), placing these accents over capital letters imposes intricate manipulation.
It is especially difficult to create underlined uppercase letters on a laptop without a numeric keypad. The operation is simplified when accents are independent of letters, such as circumflex accent, umlaut, grave accent (in AltGr+7) or tilde (in AltGr+2) on a French keyboard, or with a GNU/Linux keyboard in use, or even a Macintosh keyboard . nine0005 When the French keyboard was standardized, certain limitations arose: thus the "œ" character was dropped because the printers sold did not have that character; underlined capital letters were similarly avoided. However, under Linux or under Windows, the software allows these initial limits to be exceeded using different approaches.
There is no dead key for acute accent, because only "e" uses it. Therefore, in addition to the "é" key, the combination for "É" is sufficient; on Macintosh and GNU/Linux, typing "é" with Caps Lock active produces "É". Of course, using a non-AZERTY and ergonomic keyboard layout, such as a Dvorak layout or a bépo layout, solves the problem, since accented letters are not treated like other letters of the alphabet.
GNU/Linux has a "fr-oss" or "alternative French" keyboard layout created by Nicholas Milehot that allows for capitalization of accented letters with the Lock Shift key, as well as characters like "œ", "æ", capitalizing them letters as well as French quotation marks "". It can be installed on Windows. nine0005 In Mac OS X, since version 10.9, called Mavericks, long pressing a key on the keyboard brings up an iOS-inspired local menu that allows you to select a variant of the letter normally assigned to that key. For example, a long press on the "o" key brings up the following menus (on the left without the Shift key pressed, on the right with the Shift key pressed):
Menu introduced. To overcome the shortcomings of the French AZERTY keyboard, Microsoft offers software called MSKLC ( Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator ), which allows you to create your own keyboard drivers. Also, the only keyboard that comes with Windows that allows you to write directly in French (including ligatures), without the use of external registry-altering programs, and that can be subject to administrative privileges, is the "Canadian Multilingual Standard Keyboard", QWERTY type.
However, there is now a Portable Keyboard Layout (PKL) software based on several AutoHotkey scripts that allows you to change the keyboard layout without having to install Windows drivers and therefore without administrator privileges. nine0005 Examples
From uppercase to uppercase and lowercase
The confusion between the terms "uppercase" and "uppercase" is facilitated by the fact that uppercase letters are mostly capitalized. We can see the difference between them with an example; some publishers indicate on the cover the titles and names of the authors of their works in lower case letters. Such is the case with "Éditions de Minuit" for a work such as " Dictionary of Institutions of the Indo-Caucasoid Race " by Émile Benveniste. Typographic cover: nine0005
COMMON SENSE Emil Benveniste dictionary institutions Indo-European 1. 
economics, kinship, society MIDNIGHT EDITIONS It can be said that the author's first and last name are written in lower case letters; their first letter, however, is really capitalized, only it is not capitalized. On the other hand, although the name of the publisher is is written in capital letters, we know that É in word " ÉDITIONS" and also " M" in word MIDNIGHT are also capital letters.
The Portuguese writer Walter Hugo Mae refuses to use capital letters to denote capital letters in his texts (which explains the spelling of his name). Thus, his last novel is named máquina de fazer espanhóis .
We can also quote her Cummings, whose initials, dotted but not separated by spaces, are the initials of his two names: Edward Astlin. Cummings is known for his very unorthodox use of capitalization and punctuation rules. nine0005
Email
In email, you write in capital letters to show that you are raising your voice.
More generally, it makes it possible to highlight a portion of text when it is not technically possible to use bold characters, italics, or other visual enhancements. The systematic use of capital letters is offensive and against netiquette.
Notes and links
See also
Bibliography
Related Articles
External links
