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Cheerful Artem

1899-1939

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PROJECT INTRODUCTION

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Cheerful Artem

Cheerful Artyom (1899/1939) - Russian Soviet writer. Real name - Kochkov Nikolay Ivanovich The most famous work of the writer is the novel "Russia, washed with blood", which he began to write at 1924, and graduated in 1932 year. This work reflected the expression and spontaneity of the October Revolution and the subsequent Civil War. The fate of V. has developed unfortunate: he was repressed and only posthumously rehabilitated.

Guryeva T.N. New literary dictionary / T.N. Guriev. – Rostov n/a, Phoenix, 2009, p. 48-49.

Cheerful Artem (pseudo; real name - Nikolai Ivanovich Kochkurov) (17 [29]. 09.1899 - 2.12.1939), writer. Born in Samara in the family of a loader. From 14 years of employment. He graduated from the 4-class city school. Member of the civil war. Was a sailor of the Black Sea Fleet (1922), Chekist. Collaborated in Bolshevik newspapers. In 1922 he entered the Higher Literary and Art Institute. V. Ya. Bryusov, then to Moscow university. He wrote his first play, The Gap-Grass, in 1919. After that, Merry created the play "We" (1921), the stories "Rivers of Fire" (1924), "Native Country" (1926), stories "Shrovetide" (1921), "Wild Heart" (1925) and others. Vesely's work is the novel "Russia, washed with blood" (partially published in 1929, completely in 1932), on which he worked for many years, is devoted to the main theme of the writer's work - the fate of Russia during the years of great turmoil (mainly in the Kuban and the Volga region). Drawing a mighty elemental process, creating colorful pictures of the mass struggle, the author shows its dead end character, the impossibility build a new one on the blood. In the last work - the historical novel "Walk, Volga! (nineteen32) about the conquest of Siberia by Yermak Veseliy is also attracted by the image brave, spontaneous Cossack freemen of the 16th century. Juiciness of language, coloring visual techniques, the work of Vesely is close to folklore, the dialect of peasants and a Civil War era soldier.

Materials from the site The Great Encyclopedia of the Russian People - http://www.rusinst.ru

Cheerful Artyom (real name Nikolai Ivanovich Kochkurov) Born 17(29). 9.1899, Samara - 2.12.1939 (according to other data - 8.4.1938), in conclusion] - prose writer.

Born in a Volga family hooker, childhood passed in great need; a special role in the upbringing of Cheerful mother played. Vesely graduated from the Samara Primary School, worked at Trubnoy factory.

Joined the party in 1917 Bolsheviks; from 1917 to 1919 he was an agitator of the Samara Party Committee, a fighter of the Red Guard and the communist squad, an employee of the newspaper "Privolzhskaya truth”, “Banner of Communism” (Melekess), etc. Merry begins to join literary work - one of the first draft notebooks inscribes: "Literary diapers". nine0014

From autumn 1917 to Privolzhskaya Pravda and Rabochaya Gazeta publishes the first essays under the general headlined "Village Impressions", where Vesyoliy's reflections first appeared about the spontaneity of the peasant consciousness (“blind but mighty force”).

In Sept. 1918 essays about military events appear - “Stronger than death”, “On Czechoslovak front", "Don't see Kolchak Samara as his own ears", etc. , distinguished not only by confident political pathos, but also by bright lyrical beginning. At that time, journalism becomes the main genre for Vesyoly; the documentary material accumulated here was later used in the epic "Russia, washed with blood", in other works of art. Yes, essay. "The Helms Brothers" formed the basis of the story "First Pay" (1922), and the monologue a peasant from the essay “Return from the Front”: “They won’t take all of Russia ... Russia, she won’t let herself be turned around” - will appear in the novel “Russia, Washed with Blood”.

Publications of these years were published under the signature "N. Kochkurov", sometimes appeared pseudonym "Cheerless", starting from which the pseudonym "Artyom Funny".

In 1919 Vesely sets off an ordinary fighter on the Southern Front to fight Denikin. But soon on instructions provincial publishing house, he starts organizing a local newspaper in the county Efremov, Tula Province - "Red Plowman". Then Vesely works in the Tula newspaper Kommunar. At this time, articles by Vesely appeared in the press - “Red and white terror”, “Death to white spies!” and others, as well as the stories "Black Days", "Under the red banner". nine0014

In March 1920 Vesely was appointed a political worker in the propaganda and instructor train "Red Cossack"; after a detour of the largest southern Cossack villages through Novocherkassk and the Kursk train arrived in Moscow. The routes of Vesely - a soldier of the Red Guard, political worker, publicist - allowed to accumulate a lot of historical material, personal impressions of the life of Russia in 1917-20. Vesely later recalled: “... on on the way from Tikhoretskaya to Ekaterinodar, he looked out of the window ... Against the backdrop of a flaring dawn, in clouds of purple dust the Cossack army moved - Donets and Kuban - ten thousand ... A few seconds - and the train flew by, but the image of a grandiose book about the civil war rose to its full height in my mind "(Selected Works. S.642). nine0014

At the beginning of the 1920s Vesely - in Moscow, was a student of the Literary and Art Institute. V. Bryusova, entered Moscow University, but interrupted his studies and went to serve in Black Sea Fleet until autumn 1922.

After essay experiments and the first stories of Vesely (for the first time under the pseudonym "Artyom Merry") writes the plays "We" and "Gap Grass" (1921) and comes to grips with the creation of the first major stories "Rivers of Fire" (1923), "Wild Heart" (1924) and novel "Native Country" (1924-25). In the story "Rivers of Fire" we are talking about fate two young people, spontaneous participants in the revolutionary movement, spontaneous - up to unbridled, to indefatigable mischief, which "fiery rivers" are knee-deep. Jargon, cheeky behavior, power over everything taken on behalf of the revolution, what is encountered on the way - these behavioral traits of the heroes were recreated colorfully, the writer seemed to represent complete freedom to self-will, the recklessness of the characters. Criticism reproached Vesely for glorifying the elemental power of the masses, not shows the organizing role of revolutionary events. Apparently following this requirements, in subsequent editions of the story, Merry sought to tame his heroes, in the scenes of the appearance of heroes on a military cruiser to them, “Razinsky’s tear-offs”, contrasted with "a young team lined up on deck"; "life force Voenmors-Komsomoltsev merges with the transforming will of the young state " (Skobelev V. Artyom Vesely. P.62). nine0014

O spontaneous, "wild heart" was also discussed in the second story, which, according to the general plot drawing was similar to the works of B. Lavrenev (“Wind”, “Forty the first"), A. Neverova ("Andron the Unlucky") and others. Impulsive ("wild"), courageous Ilko saves a girl he is in love with from an angry mob; but when in another since he was ready to surrender to the White Guard intelligence, if only to save his beloved from group violence, then the heroine kills Ilko out of class principle, not experiencing no emotions at the same time (here it is - a truly “wild” heart). The freemen who broke into the pages of the story, the “rally mass”, raised from the ground, from the machine tool revolution, was free in its will. Artworks Cheerful literally buzzed from the wind, from the rumble of history: “The rivers were noisy, splashed fiery... The draft force was noisy... Shaggy hearts were smoking... The earth was blooming boisterous waves." A significant role was played by the widely used by the writer folklore elements (Vesyoly was also known as a collector of folklore; recorded by him on the Middle Volga in 1933-35 ditties were published in the book "Ditlets collective farm villages” (M., 1936). In explaining the features of colors and rhythm of prose Merrily, literary historians called both the phenomenon of "musical prose" and the traditions Gogol, and the idea of ​​"carnival" (according to M. Bakhtin).

In 1926, the novel "Native Country" came out of print (later the text of the novel would merge into epic "Russia, washed with blood"). The action of the novel takes place in a the Volga city of Klyukvin during the years of the revolution and the Civil War; county and peasant life, by the will of the revolution, is freed from centuries of desolation. AT. showed this release complex, contradictory. Despite the fact that in Klyukvin merchant shops were "famously crossed out with red signs", and along the "highways and country roads”, “as if on fire, instructors galloped ... Chekists ... couriers ... and brave county police”, life did not obey order: “The city crushed village, the straw force collapsed, and the rebels, throwing pitchforks, pikes along the roads, guns, ran in all directions, jumped and crawled, terrible and wild, like from Mamaev carnage... Native country... Smoke, fire - there is no end to the edge!..»

The concept of Russian freemen, deployed in the first works of Vesely, needed a deeper understanding. The writer refers to the 16th century, to the events which were associated with the annexation of Western Siberia to Russia, to the uprising Ermak - the novel "Walk, Volga" (1932) appears. Although in the novel over everything what is happening is dominated by the image of the deep, powerful Volga as the embodiment of the power of the people life (". .. like a big cheerful life, the Volga ran ...", its waves resembled "feasting winners of some innumerable horde"), misfortune flooded the shores Russian life: "In fear and trembling, swollen with blood, lay the Russian land." nine0014

And yet the writer's gaze could not get away from the events of the 20th century. Simultaneously with work on With the novel “Walk, Volga”, Vesyoly developed an idea for an epic canvas - “Russia, washed with blood" (partially - 1927-29, completely - 1932). The novel was released as the initial part of a large-scale narrative and received the heading “Russia, with blood washed. Novel. Fragment"; even more eloquent was the title at the first publications: “Russia, washed with blood. A novel with two wings. Wing one "(Nedra: Literary and artistic collection. Book 10. M., 1927). novel action begins in 1916, with the last stage of the First World War. Raised spontaneous freemen against the old world, which tortured the people with suffering (the novel “Walk, Volga" only emphasized the inevitability of these sufferings). Events unfold quickly, the Turkish front, Northern The Caucasus, the Volga region, the number of actors is growing. In the center - Private Maxim Kuzhel and the commander of the partisan brigade Ivan Chernoyarov; the writer tried to understand the place and role of their heroes in a maelstrom of events unheard of in scale. By According to the opinion of most literary historians, in Vesely's novel "life, preserving elements of carnival agitation, experiencing severe shocks class struggle, acquires at the same time a certain completeness - they begin emerge the everyday outlines of a new post-revolutionary statehood" (Skobelev V. Artyom Vesely. P. 173). But as time goes by, it should be noted that Vesely still did not rectify what was happening with the idea of ​​historical optimism. Finishing the story, the writer returned the events, as it were, to the original countdown; in the finale appear (albeit slightly corrected) lines from novel "Native Country" about the defeated peasants-"rebels": "Country dear . .. Smoke, fire - there is no end to the edge! That is, there is no end to the bloodshed of Russia, entered the path of civil war. nine0014

Apparently, this “open” ending, for various reasons (including political properties) caused concern to the author.

In 1933 Vesely develops a plan for a significant revision of the novel; expanded scene (Crimea, Urals, Transcaucasia, Siberia), the theme of party membership (Lenin, decrees, Comintern), etc. In the 1935 edition, some changes in the text of the chapter “Death trampled down by death”, etc. (see about this: Al.B. U Artem Vesely // Book News. Jan 10, 1936 No. 1). Contemporaries testified that Vesely read excerpts from the new novel, where Maxim Kuzhel becomes chairman of the collective farm. nine0014

But Vesely's intentions were not carried out.

In 1937 he was repressed , died in custody.

N.A. Groznova

Used materials of the book: Russian literature of the XX century. prose writers, poets, playwrights. Biobibliographic dictionary. Volume 1. p. 375-378.

Read more:

Russian writers and poets (biographical directory).

Compositions:

Selected: prose / comp. A.I.Khvatov. L., 1983;

Russia, washed with blood. Walk, Volga / afterword. 3.A.Veseloy. M., 1970;

Russia, washed with blood. M., 1990;

Selected: novels, stories, essays, poems in prose. M., 1990.

Literature:

Artyom Vesely: Sat. critical articles. M., 1931;

Charny M.B. Artyom Vesely: Critical biographical essay. M., 1960;

Minsko-Orlovskaya O. Artem Vesely // Volga. 1960. No. 2;

Skobelev V. Artyom Vesely: Essay on life and work. Kuibyshev, 1974;

Libedinsky Yu. Selected works: in 2 volumes. M., 1980. V.2. pp. 340-349;

Veselaya G. Artyom Vesely and the book // Bibliophile's Almanac.

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