Compound words fire

Compound Words—What Are They?

• Grammar

Compounds words are when two or more words are joined together, creating a new word. Read on to learn about the many types of compound words.

What Are Compound Words?

What do a honeybee, butterfly, earthworm, and jitterbug have in common? That they’re all insects? Nope! That they’re compound words. We’ll teach you everything you need to know about compound words, from what they are to the different types.

Think of the word fire. You might be picturing something similar to flames of bright light, heat, and smoke. Now, think of the word fighter. You’re most likely thinking of something or someone that fights, like a boxer or soldier. Now, put these two words together: firefighter. What do you imagine? A person whose career is to put out and extinguish fires. This is an example of a compound word—two words with separate meanings combined to create an entirely new word.

Types of Compound Words

There are a few types of compound words, including:

• Compound nouns
• Compound adjectives
• Compound verbs

These can be written as either open, closed, or hyphenated compounds. Open compounds are compounds that have a space between each word (e.g., full moon). Closed compounds don’t have a space (e.g., daybed), and hyphenated compounds have a hyphen separating each word (e.g., up-to-date).

Compound Nouns

A compound noun is made up of a noun plus another noun. Take moonlight as an example. However, compound nouns are also made using other parts of speech, like verbs and adjectives.

Think of the word haircut. Hair on its own is a noun. Cut is often used as a verb, but when you put those two words together, it becomes a noun again. Please note that the order of a compound noun is not limited to noun + noun, or noun + other parts of speech. Many combinations can produce a compound noun. For example, a verb + a noun can also create a compound noun (e.g., swimsuit).

There are opened, closed, and hyphenated compound nouns. Below are a few examples of each.

Often, many words start as open compound words, and eventually turn into closed compound words (e. g., notebook). There are a few standards that can be remembered to know whether a compound word should be opened, closed, or hyphenated. For example, a noun + noun compound word is usually closed (e.g., boyfriend). A compound word that uses a verb + “ing” is often written as an open compound (e.g., dry cleaning).

Compound Adjectives

Compound adjectives are two words joined into one to describe a noun (or compound noun). Like compound nouns, they can contain different parts of speech. Compound adjectives are mostly written with hyphens, but there are also opened and closed forms of these words.

Here are a few examples of compound adjectives:

• Noun + noun + adjective:

Last time she walked by the lake, she saw a seven-foot-long alligator.

• Adjective + noun:

They were in a long-distance relationship for seven years.

• Adverb + past participle:

A new school had to be built because the old one was overpopulated.

Compound Verbs

There are several types of compound verbs, like phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, and helping verbs. Here, we are only going to focus on single-word compound verbs. Like in compound nouns and adjectives, these verbs are made by joining two words. Below are a few examples of compound verbs:

I was looking for someone who could babysit my kids for the weekend.

He was notorious for overcooking steaks.

For her birthday, she wanted to test-drive a new Ferrari.

I didn’t want to overstay my visit.

He had to sound-proof his apartment.

Keep in mind that compound verbs are usually written with a hyphen or as a closed compound.

This was an every day occurrence.

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functions, features, differences - Russian textbook

Purpose of unions

In the fifth grade, according to the textbook "Russian language. Theory. Grades 5-9 ”by V.V. Babaitseva, students know that conjunctions are an auxiliary part of speech that connects both members of a sentence and simple sentences as part of a complex one:

Simple and compound unions

In the seventh grade in this textbook, information is added that the unions according to the structure are simple and compound. nine0005

Simple unions are unions consisting of one word, for example, and, but, yes, what if, when and others. Unions that consist of two or more words are called compound : because , since, as if, because, due to the fact that, not only - but also, due to the fact that, since, until , etc.

Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

According to the value of , conjunctions are divided into two groups: coordinating and subordinating. nine0005

Coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, but, yes, or, neither - neither, then - then , etc.) are divided into three categories according to their meaning:

Connecting unions	Opposing alliances	Divisive unions
and, yes, neither - neither, and - and, not only - but also, how - so and, also, also , etc.	a, but, yes (meaning but), but , etc.	or, either, then - that, not that - not that, or - or etc.
These unions have the meaning of connection ( and this, and that ): And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years.	These unions have the meaning of opposition ( is not that, but this is ): Not from dew, but from sweat; Labor in learning is boring, but the fruit of learning is delicious.	These unions have the meaning of division ( or this or that ): All night the fire flares up, then goes out; Either eat the fish or run aground. nine0016

Subordinating conjunctions ( when, what, if, so, because, how, as if , etc.) link simple sentences into a complex one: I want you to be masters of the sky.

Subordinating conjunctions are divided by value into the following categories:

Temporary (indicate time): when, while, barely, only, only , etc.	When we returned home, it was dark and quiet.
Causal (indicate the reason): because, since, because, because , etc.	I put on an old overcoat and took an umbrella, because it was raining.
Target (indicate the target): to (to), in order to, in order to , etc.	I left the hut, went to fight, to give land in Grenada to the peasants.
Conditional (indicate a condition): if, times, if , etc.	If you want to know a person, look at his friend.
Concessions (indicate the contradiction of one event to another): although; although; let , etc.	Although was still early, the gates were locked; None of us felt even the slightest bit tired despite the fact that the campaign lasted for several days; Let you die, but in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to light.
Comparative (indicate comparison): as if, as if, as if , etc.	The cranes flew fast and quickly and shouted sadly, as if they were calling with them.
Investigative (point to consequence): so.	The breeze was blowing from all sides, so that the candle almost went out.
Explanatory (indicate what they are talking about): what, to, as if , etc.	I came to you with greetings, to tell you, that the sun rose, that it fluttered with hot light across the sheets.

In our opinion, at this stage it is advisable to recall types of syntactic connection or introduce a new term for seventh graders "types of syntactic connection".

The main types of syntactic connection between words and sentences are coordinating and subordinating.

The coordinating and subordinating connection can be formalized by unions, for example:

Conjunctions and meanings of compound sentences

In the ninth grade, the guys learn that in compound sentences, simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions. By the nature of the coordinating union and the meaning, compound sentences are divided into three groups:

Compound sentences starting with by connecting unions and, yes, yes and, but (in the meaning of and), also, also , etc.	Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions but, but, yes (meaning but), however, but , etc.	Compound sentences with disjunctive unions or (il), or, then - then, or - or , etc.
A thunderstorm broke out and the rain refreshed the languishing earth; Terribly howled wires on poles, yes signs rumbled; Here my voice has hardened in the harsh wind, yes , and my heart has hardened.	The world is multilingual, but all people cry the same and laugh the same; Everything passes, yes not everything is forgotten; The root of the teaching is bitter, but its fruits are sweet.	Can you add a step, or no strength?; Either my speech made a strong impression, or the colonists already boiled; nine0009 Either buckwheat is blooming, or the river is flowing. ..
In sentences with these unions, various meanings are expressed, most often temporary meanings: simultaneity and succession.	In the sentences of this group, one phenomenon (event) is contrasted with another.	In compound sentences of this group, alternation of phenomena (events) is indicated, that one of the above phenomena is possible. nine0046

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences

In the same, ninth grade, the guys learn that subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause or to another subordinate clause with subordinating conjunctions (simple and compound) or allied words.

Under allied words , the authors of the textbooks of the educational and methodological complex V.V. Babaytseva understand relative pronouns that are used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one. nine0005

Subordinating conjunctions		allied words
Simple	Composite
what to as when for while as as if etc.	because because since so is only as if since due to the fact that in order to etc.	what who how when which which where where where from etc.

As you can see, in some cases, simple subordinating conjunctions and allied words coincide (in spelling). How can a ninth grader distinguish a union from a union word (for example, what, how, when) in a complex sentence?

To distinguish a union from a union word, you must remember:

1) Subordinating conjunctions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach the subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause: nine0005

Allied words not only "attach" subordinate clauses to the main clause (or to another clause), but are also members of the clauses:

2) In some cases, the union can be omitted, but the union word cannot:

3) Union can only be replaced by another union:

4) An allied word can only be replaced with an allied word or those words from the main sentence to which the subordinate clause belongs, for example:

The authors of this textbook draw the attention of ninth graders that the ability to distinguish between unions and allied words is necessary for the correct intonation of a sentence, since allied words are often the semantic center, they are highlighted by logical stress. nine0005

We consolidate the acquired knowledge about conjunctions and allied words in practice

In the textbook "Russian language. Practice. Grade 9 "Yu. S. Pichugov, A. P. Eremeeva, A. Yu. Kupalova is given a number of exercises aimed at developing the ability to distinguish between subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Here are some of these exercises.

Write down, indicating in which case the relative pronoun (connective word) is used in the subordinate clause (exercise 93 on p. 67).

Write off using the missing commas. Determine the case of relative pronouns acting as allied words. Underline allied words as members of sentence (exercise 98 on p. 69).

What two meanings can the sentence have The student knew what to answer ? How, depending on the meaning, is this sentence pronounced and what does the word in each case mean in it (exercise 99 on p. 70)?

Complete the sentences with the missing punctuation marks. Determine in which sentences what, how, when are unions, and in which - allied words. Designate these allied words as members of sentence (exercise 100 on p. 70).

This model or its fragments can be used both in grade 9 and in grades 7-8. nine0005

We believe that the proposed teaching model will help the teacher to "dot all the and" when studying conjunctions and allied words in the Russian language lessons: consider their functions, structural features and meanings of conjunctions, their use in complex sentences; features of the use of allied words in complex sentences.

Nouns in English (Nouns)

WAR

All dictatorships create external enemies and repression to sit on the throne forever.

nine0428

If you can't tell the truth from a clever lie, then think about laws, about freedom of speech, how often and where power has changed.

CNN News BBC News Telegram Wikipedia

The noun (Noun) is a part of speech that designates, names an object, person or phenomenon and answers the questions “ who ?” or " what's ?".

who ? This is Richard. - This is Richard. That girl is Kelly. – That girl is Kelly .

what is ? It was a dream. - It was a dream. My car is red. - My car is red.

Nouns combine with articles ( a , an or the ) depending on how they are used. They help distinguish verbs or other parts of speech from nouns in words that have multiple meanings. Articles may also be absent, in which case you can understand which part of speech the word belongs to from the word order in the sentence.

• I see a dog. - I see a dog.
• The dog is big. This dog is big.
• Dogs are cute. - Dogs are cute. nine0449

• Let's count once again. (verb) - Let's count again.
• I have lost count. (noun) - I lost count.

Types of nouns by education

English nouns according to their structure and education are divided into simple , derivatives and compound nouns . Also, all nouns are divided into common nouns and proper names .

Simple nouns (Simple Nouns) consist of one root and do not have suffixes or prefixes. Often these are monosyllabic words (consisting of one syllable).

• man
• house - house
• star
• love - love

Derivative nouns (Derivative Nouns) consist of a root with the addition of suffixes or prefixes. nine0005

• brotherhood
• engineer
• actress
• immortality - immortality

Compound nouns (Compound Nouns) are formed from two or more words or word roots. They can be formed using a combination of not only some nouns, but also other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, prepositions).

creatures. + creatures. fireman fire - fire man

creatures. + verb waterfall water fall

nine0635 Common nouns

Common names (Common Names) indicate the common names of objects, matters, persons and concepts, their categories and groups.

• human
• feeling - feeling, sensation
• animal
• love - love
• father - father
• bus

Proper names

Proper Names (Proper Names) are nouns that indicate unique, single objects, persons, concepts. Proper names are always written with a capital letter . Can be used with or without the definite article the .

These include: personal names, geographical names, nationalities and languages, names of streets, squares, organizations and enterprises, magazines, names of celestial bodies, names of days of the week and months, names of holidays. nine0005

Personal names , pseudonyms, nicknames of people, nicknames of animals.

• Peter Johnson - Peter Johnson (name)
• Dwayne The Rock
• Iron Arny - Iron Arny (pseudonym)
• Butch - Butch (dog name)
• Scarlett the cat
• Boo the rat - rat Boo (nickname of the rat)

Place names (mountains, deserts, rivers, oceans, countries, cities and others).

Mount Fuji Asia England New York

the Great Lakes the Pacific Ocean the Black Sea the Amazon River - p. Amazon

Nationalities and languages.

• English
• Spanish
• the French

Names of streets , squares, parks, bridges, buildings, hotels, museums, ships.

Fifth Avenue Times Square Central Park London Bridge

The Louvre Museum The Grand Budapest Hotel The Cruiser Aurora

Names of organizations, institutions, firms, companies, newspapers, magazines.

• World Wildlife Fund
• United Nations
• McDonald's
• The New York Times Magazine
• The Washington Post

Names of celestial bodies .

• the Sun
• the Earth - Earth (planet)
• Mars - Mars
• Alpha Centauri

Names of days of the week, months .

• Monday
• Sunday
• August
• January

Names of holidays, significant events .

• Christmas
• New Year
• Birthday - Birthday
• Mother's Day
• Independence Day

Number of nouns

Countable nouns

Countable nouns (Countable Nouns) indicate animate and inanimate objects, as well as concepts that can be counted. These nouns have the plural form , which in most cases is formed by adding the ending -s if this noun does not have an irregular plural form (Irregular plural nouns).

a dog a pupil a man a mouse

two dogs ten pupils six men - six men many mice

Countable nouns are divided into concrete (concrete) - real objects, living beings, and abstract (abstract) - abstractions, concepts, feelings.

specific object, individual a building a girl a pen

abstract concept a problem - problem (abstr. ) a feeling - feeling an invitation - an invitation

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns (Uncountable Nouns) are not countable and do not have a plural form. They are divided into abstract (abstract nouns) uncountable concepts and real (material nouns): names of materials, liquids, substances.

abstract creatures. music - music love - love information

material beings. water cotton - cotton, wadding iron

Sometimes uncountable nouns , depending on their meaning, can take the plural form . In the plural, they indicate different types of item, or the number of containers for them.

• Coffee makes me alive every morning. – Coffee revives me every morning (coffee is like a liquid)
nine0395 Two coffees, please! – Two coffees, please! (2 cups of coffee)

• Iron is a type of metal. – Iron is a type of metal.
• All my irons are broken. I have to buy a new one. All my irons are broken. I need to buy a new one.

Collective nouns

Collective nouns (Collective Nouns) indicate groups, collections of animate and inanimate objects. Collective nouns often refer specifically to groups of people and animals. nine0005

• family
• class - class
• crowd - crowd
• set

Depending on the context, collective nouns can be used in sentences as either singular or plural nouns.

The singular indicates that a group of objects or persons acts as one. Plural indicates that members, members of a particular group, meeting act separately from each other.

• Every week this class has a math test. – Every week this class writes a math test (all students in the class together)
• After every test the class start to chat with each other or do their hometasks. After each test, the class starts talking to each other or doing homework. (class students act separately)

• The committee adopts this decision with a solid vote. – The Committee unanimously adopts this decision.
• It is hard to adopt any decision because the committee constantly argue about something. – It is difficult to make any decision, as the members of the committee are constantly arguing about something.

Noun gender

Noun gender indicates whether the noun is male or female. In English, it is not always possible to determine gender by the end of a word, as in Russian. In addition, only nouns that refer to animate objects, people may differ in gender (male and female). All other nouns are gender neutral ( it ).

He, She

Among animate objects there are masculine (masculine gender), feminine (feminine gender) and common gender (common gender).

male he nine0395 a man a boy a groom a husband an uncle a gentleman

feminine she a woman a girl a bride - bride a wife an aunt a lady

The masculine gender also includes inanimate nouns, which in culture are associated with masculinity, strength, power, influence, etc. Despite the fact that these nouns are inanimate and are mainly denoted by the pronoun it , in literature and in speech they are often personified and animated, so in a certain context they can express the masculine gender.

• sun
• time - time
• death - death
• summer

• The sun was so scorching that it seemed he wanted to burn everything. The sun was so scorching that it seemed like it wanted to burn everything.
• Time is cruel. He never waits. - Time is cruel. It never waits.

The feminine noun is sometimes indicated by special suffixes (- ine , - ess ), which are added to the root of the word. Part of the word can also be replaced with the corresponding feminine gender.

• actor → actress
• hero → heroine
• landlord → landlady
• manservant → maidservant

feminine gender includes inanimate objects and concepts (denoted by the pronoun it ), which are animated by the speaker and are associated in culture with the feminine, beauty, grace, kindness.

• moon
• earth
• spring
• charity - charity

• When spring comes, she brings new life. When spring comes, it brings new life.
• The Earth is our mother so we must take care of her. The earth is our mother, so we must take care of it.

Sometimes feminine take on nouns denoting a car, ship, boat or country. The feminine gender is used to emphasize that the speaker is familiar with the subject.

• This is my car. She is the best for me. - This is my car. She is the best for me. nine0449
• Germany is cool. She cares for her residents. - Germany is great. She (country) cares about its inhabitants.

General gender includes nouns of animate objects, gender neutral, that is, they can be either masculine or feminine, depending on the context. Often these are the names of professions, occupation.

• a baby
• a doctor
• a teacher
• friend - friend, girlfriend

• We have a new teacher. Her name is Mariam Johnson. We have a new teacher. Her name is Mariam Johnson. (female teacher)
• Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us. Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us. (male teacher)

It

All inanimate objects , concepts, phenomena, as well as animals and collective nouns belong to neutral gender (neutral gender). They correspond to the pronoun it .

a dog a country a tree

information courage love - love

Nouns, denoting animals , may differ by gender (male and female) if it is necessary to emphasize the sex of the animal.

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