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Conventional spelling examples


conventional spelling | Ruth Rumack's Learning Space Blog

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We have terrific news! Our dedicated staff of teachers at RRLS has been working diligently on designing and compiling a series of activities to support Dolch sight word learning. Since we have a wealth of ideas and resources readily available at our centre, we wanted to create an activity pack that would be both engaging and meaningful to learners outside of our classrooms. All of our hard work has paid off, and we are now proud to share the  Dolch Word Power Pack! This worksheet and supplementary games package includes many opportunities to practise the reading and spelling of Dolch words, and can be found on our Teachers Pay Teachers store page.

What are Dolch words and why are they important to learn?

History of Dolch “A child’s language development is, next to his character, the most important part of (his) school experience. ” – Edward Dolch

Edward William Dolch compiled a list of “service” (sight) words in 1948. This list was published in his book Problems in Reading, and is referred to as The Dolch Word List. Dolch used the term “service” or “tool” to describe them because they are needed in order to read and write any material. By researching popular children’s books during that era, as well as collaborating with teachers and other professionals in early literacy instruction, Dolch was able to determine which words were most frequently used in the English language. In fact, 50-80% of all words in any given written material are considered “Dolch” words. The 220 words include:

  • 6 conjunctions- used to join clauses
  • 16 prepositions- used to introduce phrases
  • 26 pronouns- used to represent people or things
  • 34 adverbs- used to modify verbs
  • 46 adjectives- used to modify nouns
  • 92 verbs- used to denote action

Of the 220 words, none of them are nouns. The list is divided into grade levels, but students are encouraged to learn to read them all by the end of Grade 1 (learning to write them may take longer). Fluency in reading the Dolch words is necessary to develop literacy skills. Even though many of these words are not phonetically decodable, instant recall of both decodable and non-decodable is beneficial.

Sight Words and the “Whole-Word” Approach “Growth of reading skill requires the accumulation of a huge vocabulary of sight words in memory.” (Ehri, 2004)

The “whole-word” approach to beginning reading is still in wide use today. This means that a learner will practise memorizing a word so that they can recognize it by “sight”.  Memorizing words promotes fluency in reading. Certain words in the English language are categorized as “sight words” because they occur frequently and tend not to follow the established sound-symbol correspondence. Therefore, they are difficult to sound out (phonetically decode). For many of these words, using picture cues in stories will not help as well (think, of, her, the, by), so memorization is the only way to learn them.

Teaching and Learning The Dolch Word List with the RRLS Dolch Power Pack Helping children learn sight words will assist them in reading more fluently. There are many fun and engaging ways to help rehearse and promote the ease of retrieval of these words. Here at the Learning Space, we use a variety of kinesthetic activities such as ‘Bowl-n-Read’ and ‘Link and Line’. We also play variations of flash card games, such as Go Fish, Old Maid, Snap, and Memory to support fluency. In addition, we make sure to incorporate reading and writing exercises that contain the Dolch list words. Below is a picture of a student using an activity sheet from the new Dolch Word Power Pack. He also is using another popular kinesthetic activity at our centre, sand writing.  All of the games and activities suggested in our Dolch Power Pack are ones that we use every day here at the RRLS. Along with game and activity suggestions, the pack provides a variety of pencil-and-paper activities to promote Dolch word learning. Each pack contains specific focus lists of ten Dolch words each, organized according to frequency. Each list then has its own set of flashcards, as well as activity sheets that study the focus words. The activities are designed with specific purposes in mind. Children will learn to visualize words based on the letter shapes that comprise the words using our “Spell-in-the-Box” activities. Then, children will rehearse writing the words with our “ABC Line-Up” and “Word Scrambler” activities. Finally, children will practise reading the words in our “A-MAZE-ing” and “Fill-In Fun” sheets. Learning Dolch words doesn’t have to be difficult or boring. Make it fun and engaging with the RRLS Dolch Power Pack, available at Teachers Pay Teachers.

For more information about how to develop language learning in children, please contact Ruth Rumack’s Learning Space at 416. 925.1225 or visit www.ruthrumack.com.

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Teaching children how to spell can be a long and difficult process. Last week, we covered the five different stages involved in the transition from invented spelling to conventional spelling. This week, we’re going to talk about practical applications and how you can encourage conventional spelling and writing in your children or students.

  • Encourage writing from a young age. Children enjoy expressing themselves and they feel proud of themselves when they are able to write out stories and feelings. When children are still in the Precommunicative and Semiphonetic Stages, there should not be too much emphasis on conventional spelling. If young students start writing as part of their daily routine, they are more likely to continue it as they get older. Thus, they should be encouraged and positively reinforced to write.
  • Scaffold the learning process. Once a child understands the letter-sound correspondence, parents and teachers can start teaching him or her basic spelling conventions. There are plenty of games, online and off, that kids can use to learn how to spell. However, it is important to remember to start with the most basic spelling conventions (such as one-to-one letter-sound correspondence) in order to build up the child’s spelling repertoire. Also, while spelling correction is vital, a child should not be penalized for words that he or she hasn’t learned yet.
  • Writing and spelling aren’t just for school. If you want to encourage your child to write at home, create opportunities for it! Have him or her start a journal, play word games as a family (such as Scrabble or Boggle), or solve a crossword puzzle together. Suggest creative writing activities like writing stories about your family or family life. Be imaginative!

The most important idea to take away from this blog is to encourage your child to write without putting the entire focus on spelling. If children delight in writing, that emotion should be encouraged. Conventional spelling takes time and patience, so don’t worry if you still see spelling mistakes in your child’s writing. Go over the misspelled words together and make a game out of correcting them.  If you make writing fun, your child will continue to do it.

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“Pepul ware scee macks in the wintr” could be a phrase written on many elementary school papers (actual translation: “People wear ski masks in the winter”). This type of spelling is called “invented spelling” – it is very common for children to spell words this way when they first learn how to read and write. According to Elaine Lutz, who coined the term “invented spelling”, it “refers to young children’s attempts to use their best judgments about spelling”. While this type of spelling is generally accepted when a child first begins to write, there is some debate about the importance of spelling versus the encouragement of writing. J Richard Gentry characterized the transition from invented spelling to conventional spelling into five stages:

  • Precommunicative Stage: The child uses letters from the alphabet, but without any letter-sound correspondence.
  • Semiphonetic Stage: The child starts to understand that letters represent sounds, and usually uses only one letter per sound, blend or word. For example, “U” for “you”.
  • Phonetic Stage: The child starts using one letter per sound and phonetically spells words that can be deciphered, such as “kom” for “come”. 
  • Transitional Stage: The child starts relying on visual representation and an understanding of word structure to spell words. For example, “higheked” for “hiked”.
  • Correct Stage: The speller understands the basic rules of English spelling, such as prefixes, suffixes, alternative spellings, and silent consonants. The speller also recognizes irregularly-spelled words, and generalizes about spelling and exceptions to the rules.

Stay tuned for next week’s blog about encouraging correct spelling in children.

Ruth Rumack has been a full-time teacher and educator since 1996. Visit her Google+ page to find out more about early childhood education.

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The Stages Of Spelling Development: A Guide For Parents

From scribbled stories to made-up words, a child’s first steps in writing are exciting! But it takes time to become a proficient speller. There are five stages of spelling development your child will progress through as they go from emergent “invented” spelling to accurate “dictionary” spelling.

The Stages Of Spelling Development

Precommunicative Stage

At the precommunicative stage of spelling development, children lack an understanding of letter-sound correspondence.

This means that the relationship between written language (the letters of the alphabet and how they combine to make words) and spoken language (vocabulary your child may already know or will eventually learn) isn’t yet clear to your child.

Your child may show a substantial interest in learning how to read and write, though. They’re probably at the height of their scribbling craze! Their stories and drawings may be full of color, but not so many letters.

The good news: this is a positive first step for children! Even if their scribbling may not be legible to us, it demonstrates that they have an understanding of what writing does — expresses and communicates their ideas.

In that way, even if their drawings and scribblings look similar to us adults, kids at this stage clearly understand the difference between the purposes of the two.

This spelling development stage may even feature some letter-learning. However, kids likely aren’t fully comfortable relating written letters to their respective sounds. That’s OK! That will happen in the next stage.

Semiphonetic Stage

The semiphonetic stage is true to its name — your child will get their first concrete exposure to phonetic learning during this time.

Initially, they’ll begin with learning how to match written letters to letter sounds. When shown letters of the alphabet, they may be able to pronounce the correct phonetic sound for each letter. For example, if they see the letter “b,” they may say “buh” for the /b/ sound.

As they transition into writing, this phonetic learning will reflect in their sentences. They may even ignore vowels since they aren’t as phonetically predictable as consonant sounds. For example, they may write “i lv u” when writing out a card to family or friends.

This is nothing to worry about. In fact, it’s amazing progress! It shows that your child has a solid grasp of their phonetic letter sounds and understands how to use them in written language.

Irregular words — words that don’t sound the same way they’re spelled — may trip them up at this stage, but they’ll master those in time!

For now, praise your child for their progress. We know they’re doing a great job and will tackle those pesky silent e’s and -nd blends soon.

Phonetic Stage

The phonetic stage of spelling development is when your child’s letter-sound correspondence learning comes into full bloom, so to speak.

Consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words may become easier for them to learn and read as their foundation in phonetic spelling grows even more concrete.

They may even begin to identify groups of letters that make certain sounds when they speak. These letters are often grouped together and make common sounds in spoken language — examples include -ing, -ly, -er, sh, and so on!

When spelling non-CVC words, kids at this stage may not abide by perfect spelling rules when branching out into those phonetically irregular words. So when they want to describe a “small truck” they may end up writing about a “smol truk.”

Again, these are perfectly normal steps in your child’s ongoing spelling development and something you both should be proud of!

Transitional Stage

With their phonetic instincts strong at this point in their spelling development, your child may have increasing success with memorizing those words that just can’t be sounded out.

Rather than relying on phonology, they may begin to notice visual cues and patterns to assist them with pronunciation and word-learning. Memorization will become a handy tool to add to their arsenal.

They’ll also get some practice with synonyms — this may not be intentional practice, though. During those moments when they aren’t sure how to spell a new word, they may rely on words they’re already comfortable with!


Additionally, your child may demonstrate significant progress with hearing sounds and matching them with letters, especially when attempting to spell a word for the first time. It’s normal for them to run into hiccups. For example, they may spell “surprise” as “suprize.”

Using all of the different learning methods they’ve accumulated over the course of the other stages of spelling development will help get them where they need to go!

Correct Stage

The final stage of spelling development is the correct stage. At this point, your child fully comprehends the basic rules and patterns of English spelling.

They can handle books at their reading level on their own and have a comfortable vocabulary of words that they consistently spell correctly.

More often than not, your child can correctly assume how words are spelled after hearing them read aloud. They know how to tackle silent vowels and consonants, irregularly spelled words, and other tricky spelling tasks.

They also have the power to recognize and correct their own spelling mistakes. With a larger and more advanced vocabulary, kids in this stage are more expressive, more accurate, and more entrenched in reading than ever before!

Activities For Each Stage Of Spelling Development

Precommunicative Stage Spellers

Games that encourage an interest in learning letters and letter-sounds are great for motivating your precommunicative stage speller.

Refrigerator-magnet letters are handy for young children working through this stage. You can play scavenger hunts with them or create “pits” of letters where they try to find the letter that matches the letter sound you make.

They can also “feed” letters to their stuffed animals. You can say, “Mr. Crocodile is hungry for the /k/ sound today!” and assist them with giving the animal all the Ks in their collection.

Alphabet puzzles that focus on letter-sound correspondence, singing the alphabet song, and other singalongs can also set your child up for a fun learning adventure that’s only just beginning!

Keeping lots of paper and crayons around will also encourage them to “write” and “draw” stories. If your child shows you something they just worked on, ask them to tell you about what they wrote.

Semiphonetic Stage Spellers

In this stage, you’ll continue to emphasize letter-sound correspondence activities to assist your child’s phonological skills. You can utilize the activities we mentioned above or explore some other letter-sound correspondence activities!

Phonetic Stage Spellers

Your child’s letter-sound correspondence practice will pay off as they move onto the phonetic stage of spelling.

There are tons of phonics games out there — including plenty on our very own Learn & Grow app — and the most successful ones will reinforce your child’s comfort level with phonetic spelling.

Rhyming games, for example, are an excellent way to sharpen their phonics spelling skills. You can play a “wrong word” game together.

First, you’ll start by thinking of a “rhyming” sound to focus on. For our example, we’ll use the /at/ sound. Next, tell your child three words. The catch is that one of the words doesn’t fit (rhyme) and they need to find the wrong word.

You can say, “cat, bat, and mug.” Then ask your child which word doesn’t fit. They’re sure to burst into a fit of giggles for your silly rhyming mistakes!

You might take a moment to spell out the rhyming sound so your child knows how to spell the sound they’re listening for.

Transitional Stage Spellers

For transitional spellers, the games can be kicked up a notch. You can begin to explore sight word games with your child, as well as test their knowledge of the words they already know!

One idea would be to host a fake spelling bee. You can go first to showcase how it’s done. You’ll begin to spell a word for your child. If you spell it wrong, they have to yell “WRONG!” and then “steal” your turn by spelling it correctly.

If they spell it correctly, they get a point. If they said you spelled it wrong but you were actually correct, they lose a point.

If your child doesn’t like the pressure of spelling out loud just yet, you can play a game with a ball instead. In this game, you’ll hold up two cards with alternate spellings of the same word.

Your child’s goal is to identify the correct spelling and throw the ball at that card. For every correct answer, they get a point. Don’t forget the grand prize at the end!

Correct Stage Spellers

Once your child reaches the final milestone in the stages of spelling development, you can turn to more challenging games. And there are some classic spelling games that just can’t be beaten.

For our example, we love Scrabble! It’s a celebration of spelling in and of itself! We love it for the opportunities it provides to have a blast while practicing your child’s spelling skills at the same time.

Other great games that help with spelling include Hangman, Boggle, and Bananagrams. The possibilities are endless when it comes to spelling and fun!

Mastering The Stages Of Spelling Development Takes Time

No matter what stage of spelling development your child is currently in, it takes time and patience for them to move through the different stages. But we know with lots of love and encouragement, they’ll get there before you know it.

And for those days you need a little helping hand to work with your child on their spelling development, our HOMER Learn & Grow App is ready to assist! It’s packed with personalized lessons for your child.

They’ll go at their own pace while learning how to spell — all while having a blast!

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25 words, the writing of which confuses many

February 23, 2021Education

How to write complex words correctly and remain a literate person.

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1. Traffic

In English, traffic is indeed spelled with a double consonant. However, when borrowing from a foreign language, the second letter is usually lost, which happened with the word “traffic”, so you should write it with only one “f”.

2. Future

The word "future" often gets the letter "u" by analogy with the word "next". But it is easily disassembled into the root bud- and the suffix -usch-. There is simply no place for an additional sign. If spelling is difficult, you can try to remember through the synonym "future". Still, even those who doubt very much will not raise their hand to write “the coming one”.

3. Offline

The word “offline”, like “offshore”, “offside”, which are close to it, lost a double consonant when they were entered into dictionaries, which is typical for borrowings. At the same time, if the spelling “offline” can still be explained by confusion with the original language, then the version “offline” is puzzling: in English, the word is also written without a hyphen.

Check 🧐

  • TEST: Together, separate or hyphenated? Write 10 words without mistakes!

4. Rinses

If you're not talking to your washing machine, it's hard to imagine in what situation you might need the word "rinse". But just in case, it’s worth remembering that you need to correctly give out instructions with the word form “rinse”.

5. Producer

Probably, the extra "s" is formed by analogy with the word "director". But in both Russian and English, “producer” is written without doubled consonants.

6. Come

The word has gone through many transformations. In old books, it can be found in the versions "come" and "come". Yes, and the analogy with "go" is clearly visible. However, in dictionaries it is fixed only in one form - "to come. "

7. Grapefruit

No matter how much one would like to make "grapefruit" a full-fledged "fruit", this word is pronounced in the same way as in the language from which it was borrowed. Otherwise, the first part of the word would have to be Russified, but “grape fruit” does not sound very attractive.

8. Blogger

For foreign words that extort a second consonant, there is a rule: if there is a single-root word, then you should use only one letter from the double ones. A blogger maintains a blog, so he is not allowed to use extra letters.

9. Hardly

According to Fasmer's etymological dictionary, the unchanging particle "hardly" comes from the word "row", it can be used as a test word. And the “li” particle is always written separately, so do not be lazy to press the spacebar.

10. Imagine

Frankly speaking, the word “imagination” does not exist in the overwhelming majority of dictionaries and literary Russian. But it has a certain semantic connotation and can look cute in colloquial speech. At the same time, one does not need to be a linguist to sob with bloody tears from the "vybrazhuli". So check "imagination" with the word "imagination" and spare other people's eyes.

11. Ice cream

If ice cream means a calorie bomb made from milk or cream, then one “n” should always be written in this word. This noun is formed from an imperfective verb, the letter in such cases is not doubled.

Fill in the letters 🎓

  • QUIZ:​ How good are you at spelling double consonants?

12. Cappuccino

In the Italian language, from which the name coffee with milk foam comes, the word cappuccino was generously sprinkled with consonants. But in Russian, none of them is doubled. Therefore, you can nod understandingly when once again instead of cappuccino on the menu you will meet “cappuccino” or “cappuccino”.

13. Mosaic

Whether it's a picture of tightly packed pieces of glass or a children's puzzle, forget about bunnies and write correctly: mosaic.

14. Handwriting

The insidious "d" tries to fit in here, but it has no place in the word "handwriting". Because when you sit down to write a text by hand, you do not intend to emphasize anything, but rather to underline.

15. Bulletin

“Bulletin” is a dictionary word, so you have to memorize it. The fact that it came from the Latin bulla - “ball”, “seal” can help in this.

16. Legitimacy

There are many options for manipulating the word "legitimacy", but it's better not to do this and just remember how it is spelled.

17. Realtor

It is difficult to avoid confusion with the word realtor. Office programs do not underline it in red in any spelling, the “Russian Guild of Realtors” insists on the letter “e” in its name, and even the authors of dictionaries cannot come to a consensus. And yet, in the most authoritative Russian spelling dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, edited by Lopatin, the form “realtor” is fixed, it is better to stick to it.

18. Registration

The check word “register” will help you find out which letter is hidden in place of an unstressed vowel and will prevent you from writing “registration” incorrectly.

19. Gynecologist

Gynecologist is not related to the word "gene", but is very closely related to the Greek "gyneka" - "woman".

20. Gastarbeiter

Remembering how the word "guest worker" is written is simple: in German gastarbeiter consists of two parts: gast - "guest" and arbeiter - "worker".

21. Colander

Another word from the German language, where the letters tend to get mixed up. "Colander" comes from durchschlagen, which breaks down into durch - "through", "through" and schlagen - "hit". But if the etymology does not help to remember the correct order of the letters, you can go the associative way, especially since the word is so consonant with a popular curse word.

22. Calories

The word "calorie" was borrowed from French. Calorie entered the Russian language practically unchanged, there are no double consonants in it.

23. Vinaigrette

The name of the salad comes from the French vinaigre - "vinegar", and it - from the word vin - "wine". This makes it easier to remember how to properly describe the vegetable mixture. As for the second vowel in a word, it is enough to remember that it does not coincide with the first. Then you will write "vinaigrette" without a single mistake.

24. Shopping

In English, shopping is spelled with a double consonant, and many people want to transfer the two "p" and into Russian. Fight this desire and remember that there are words with the same root, for example, a shop tour. And if they use only one "p", then in "shopping" you do not need to double the consonant.

25. Terrorist attack

The abbreviation of the phrase “terrorist act” begs for a second consonant, but you should not negotiate with him. According to the rules for the formation of abbreviations, only one of the two consonants is written in them. Therefore, it is correct to write "terrorist attack".

What words do you stumble over? Write in the comments.

Read also 🧐

  • 12 borrowed words that are easy to make mistakes
  • 20 words that even literate people spell incorrectly
  • “From that” or “from that”? 19 words and combinations that are easy to misspell

22 Useful Python Code Examples / Sudo Null IT News

Python is one of the most popular programming languages ​​and is extremely useful in everyday tasks. In this article, I'll briefly cover 22 useful code examples to take advantage of the power of Python.

Some of the examples you may have seen before, others will be new and interesting to you. All of these examples are easy to remember.

1. We get vowels

This example returns the found vowels in the string "a e i o u" . This can be useful when looking for or discovering vowels. 

 def get_vowels(String): return [each for each in String if each in "aeiou"] get_vowels("animal") # [a, i, a] get_vowels("sky") # [] get_vowels("football") # [o, o, a]

2. Uppercase first letter

This example is used to convert every first letter of the characters in a string to an uppercase letter. It works on a string of one or more characters and will be useful when parsing text or writing data to a file, etc. 

 def capitalize(String): return String.title() capitalize("shop") # [Shop] capitalize("python programming") # [Python Programming] capitalize("how are you!") # [How Are You!]

3. Print the string N times

This example can print any string n times without using Python loops. 

 n=5 string="Hello World" print(string * n) #Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World Hello World

4. Merge two dictionaries

This example merges two dictionaries into one. 

 def merge(dic1,dic2): dic3=dic1.copy() dic3.update(dic2) return dic3 dic1={1:"hello", 2:"world"} dic2={3:"Python", 4:"Programming"} merge(dic1,dic2) # {1: 'hello', 2: 'world', 3: 'Python', 4: 'Programming'}

5. Compute execution time

This example is useful when you need to know how long it takes to execute a program or function. 

 import time start_time= time.time() deff(): a=2 b=3 c=a+b end_time= time.time() fun() timetaken = end_time - start_time print("Your program takes: ", timetaken) # 0.0345

6. Exchange of values ​​between variables

This is a quick way to swap two variables without using a third one. 

 a=3 b=4 a, b = b, a print(a, b) # a= 4, b =3

7. Check for duplicates

This is the fastest way to check for duplicate values ​​in a list. 

 def check_duplicate(lst): return len(lst) != len(set(lst)) check_duplicate([1,2,3,4,5,4,6]) # True check_duplicate([1,2,3]) # False check_duplicate([1,2,3,4,9]) # False

8.

Filtering values ​​False

This example is used to remove all false values ​​from a list, such as false, 0, None, " " . 

 def Filtering(lst): return list(filter(None,lst)) lst=[None,1,3,0,"",5,7] Filtering(lst) #[1, 3, 5, 7]

9. Size in bytes

This example returns the length of the string in bytes, which is handy when you need to know the size of a string variable. 

 def ByteSize(string): return len(string.encode("utf8")) ByteSize("Python") #6 ByteSize("Data") #4

10. Memory occupied

The example allows you to get the amount of memory used by any variable in Python. 

 import sys var1="Python" var2=100 var3=True print(sys.getsizeof(var1)) #55 print(sys.getsizeof(var2)) #28 print(sys.getsizeof(var3)) #28

11. Anagrams

This code is useful for checking if a string is an anagram. An anagram is a word obtained by rearranging the letters of another word. 

 from collections import Counter def anagrams(str1, str2): return Counter(str1) == Counter(str2) anagrams("abc1", "1bac") # True

12. List sorting

This example sorts a list. Sorting is a commonly used task that can be implemented with many lines of code with a loop, but you can speed up your work with the built-in sort method. 

 my_list = ["leaf", "cherry", "fish"] my_list1 = ["D","C","B","A"] my_list2 = [1,2,3,4,5] my_list.sort() # ['cherry', 'fish', 'leaf'] my_list1.sort() # ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'] print(sorted(my_list2, reverse=True)) # [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

13. Dictionary sort 

 orders = { 'pizza': 200, 'burger': 56, 'pepsi': 25, 'Coffee': 14 } sorted_dic= sorted(orders.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]) print(sorted_dic) # [('Coffee', 14), ('pepsi', 25), ('burger', 56), ('pizza', 200)]

14. Get the last element of the list 

 my_list = ["Python", "JavaScript", "C++", "Java", "C#", "Dart"] #method 1 print(my_list[-1]) # Dart #method 2 print(my_list. pop()) # Dart

15. Convert Comma Separated List to String

This code converts a comma-separated list into a single string. It is useful when you need to concatenate an entire list with a string. 

 my_list1=["Python","JavaScript","C++"] my_list2=["Java", "Flutter", "Swift"] #example 1 "My favorite Programming Languages ​​are" , ", ".join(my_list1)) # My favorite Programming Languages ​​are Python, JavaScript, C++ print(", ".join(my_list2)) # Java, Flutter, Swift

16. Checking for palindromes

This example shows how to quickly check for palindromes. 

 def palindrome(data): return data == data[::-1] palindrome("level") #True palindrome("madaa") #False

17. List shuffling 

 from random import shuffle my_list1=[1,2,3,4,5,6] my_list2=["A","B","C","D"] shuffle(my_list1) # [4, 6, 1, 3, 2, 5] shuffle(my_list2) # ['A', 'D', 'B', 'C']

18.

Convert string to lowercase and uppercase 
 str1 ="Python Programming" str2 ="IM A PROGRAMMER" print(str1.upper()) #PYTHON PROGRAMMING print(str2.lower()) #im a programmer

19. String formatting

This code allows you to format a string. Formatting in Python means appending data from variables to a string. 

 #example 1 str1 ="Python Programming" str2 ="I'm a {}".format(str1) # I'm a Python Programming #example 2 - another way str1 ="Python Programming" str2 =f"I'm a {str1}" # I'm a Python Programming

20. Substring search

This example will be useful for finding a substring in a string. I implement it in two ways that allow me not to write a lot of code. 

 programmers = ["I'm an expert Python Programmer", "I'm an expert Javascript Programmer", "I'm a professional Python Programmer" "I'm a beginner C++ Programmer" ] #method 1 for p in programmers: if p. 
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