Instructional strategies for reading

Strategies for Reading Comprehension :: Read Naturally, Inc.

Comprehension: The Goal of Reading

Comprehension, or extracting meaning from what you read, is the ultimate goal of reading. Experienced readers take this for granted and may not appreciate the reading comprehension skills required. The process of comprehension is both interactive and strategic. Rather than passively reading text, readers must analyze it, internalize it and make it their own.

In order to read with comprehension, developing readers must be able to read with some proficiency and then receive explicit instruction in reading comprehension strategies (Tierney, 1982).

​ Strategies for reading comprehension in Read Naturally programs

​General Strategies for Reading Comprehension

The process of comprehending text begins before children can read, when someone reads a picture book to them. They listen to the words, see the pictures in the book, and may start to associate the words on the page with the words they are hearing and the ideas they represent.

In order to learn comprehension strategies, students need modeling, practice, and feedback. The key comprehension strategies are described below.

Using Prior Knowledge/Previewing

When students preview text, they tap into what they already know that will help them to understand the text they are about to read. This provides a framework for any new information they read.

Predicting

When students make predictions about the text they are about to read, it sets up expectations based on their prior knowledge about similar topics. As they read, they may mentally revise their prediction as they gain more information.

Identifying the Main Idea and Summarization

Identifying the main idea and summarizing requires that students determine what is important and then put it in their own words. Implicit in this process is trying to understand the author’s purpose in writing the text.

Questioning

Asking and answering questions about text is another strategy that helps students focus on the meaning of text. Teachers can help by modeling both the process of asking good questions and strategies for finding the answers in the text.

Making Inferences

In order to make inferences about something that is not explicitly stated in the text, students must learn to draw on prior knowledge and recognize clues in the text itself.

Visualizing

Studies have shown that students who visualize while reading have better recall than those who do not (Pressley, 1977). Readers can take advantage of illustrations that are embedded in the text or create their own mental images or drawings when reading text without illustrations.

Strategies for Reading Comprehension: Narrative Text

Narrative text tells a story, either a true story or a fictional story. There are a number of strategies that will help students understand narrative text.

Story Maps

Teachers can have students diagram the story grammar of the text to raise their awareness of the elements the author uses to construct the story. Story grammar includes:

• Setting: When and where the story takes place (which can change over the course of the story).
• Characters: The people or animals in the story, including the protagonist (main character), whose motivations and actions drive the story.
• Plot: The story line, which typically includes one or more problems or conflicts that the protagonist must address and ultimately resolve.
• Theme: The overriding lesson or main idea that the author wants readers to glean from the story. It could be explicitly stated as in Aesop’s Fables or inferred by the reader (more common).

​ Printable story map (blank)

Retelling

Asking students to retell a story in their own words forces them to analyze the content to determine what is important. Teachers can encourage students to go beyond literally recounting the story to drawing their own conclusions about it.

Prediction

Teachers can ask readers to make a prediction about a story based on the title and any other clues that are available, such as illustrations. Teachers can later ask students to find text that supports or contradicts their predictions.

Answering Comprehension Questions

Asking students different types of questions requires that they find the answers in different ways, for example, by finding literal answers in the text itself or by drawing on prior knowledge and then inferring answers based on clues in the text.

Strategies for Reading Comprehension: Expository Text

Expository text explains facts and concepts in order to inform, persuade, or explain.

The Structure of Expository Text

Expository text is typically structured with visual cues such as headings and subheadings that provide clear cues as to the structure of the information. The first sentence in a paragraph is also typically a topic sentence that clearly states what the paragraph is about.

Expository text also often uses one of five common text structures as an organizing principle:

• Cause and effect
• Problem and solution
• Compare and contrast
• Description
• Time order (sequence of events, actions, or steps)

Teaching these structures can help students recognize relationships between ideas and the overall intent of the text.

Main Idea/Summarization

A summary briefly captures the main idea of the text and the key details that support the main idea. Students must understand the text in order to write a good summary that is more than a repetition of the text itself.

​K-W-L

There are three steps in the K-W-L process (Ogle, 1986):

1. What I Know: Before students read the text, ask them as a group to identify what they already know about the topic. Students write this list in the “K” column of their K-W-L forms.
2. What I Want to Know: Ask students to write questions about what they want to learn from reading the text in the “W” column of their K-W-L forms. For example, students may wonder if some of the “facts” offered in the “K” column are true.
3. What I Learned: As they read the text, students should look for answers to the questions listed in the “W” column and write their answers in the “L” column along with anything else they learn.

After all of the students have read the text, the teacher leads a discussion of the questions and answers.

 Printable K-W-L chart (blank)

Graphic Organizers

Graphic organizers provide visual representations of the concepts in expository text. Representing ideas and relationships graphically can help students understand and remember them. Examples of graphic organizers are:

Tree diagrams that represent categories and hierarchies

Tables that compare and contrast data

Time-driven diagrams that represent the order of events

Flowcharts that represent the steps of a process​

​

Teaching students how to develop and construct graphic organizers will require some modeling, guidance, and feedback. Teachers should demonstrate the process with examples first before students practice doing it on their own with teacher guidance and eventually work independently.

Strategies for Reading Comprehension in Read Naturally Programs

Several Read Naturally programs include strategies that support comprehension:

Bibliography

Honig, B. , L. Diamond, and L. Gutlohn. (2013). Teaching reading sourcebook, 2nd ed. Novato, CA: Arena Press.

Ogle, D. M. (1986). K-W-L: A teaching model that develops active reading of expository text. The Reading Teacher 38(6), pp. 564–570.

Pressley, M. (1977). Imagery and children’s learning: Putting the picture in developmental perspective. Review of Educational Research 47, pp. 586–622.

Tierney, R. J. (1982). Essential considerations for developing basic reading comprehension skills. School Psychology Review 11(3), pp. 299–305.

Classroom Strategies | Reading Rockets

Strategy focus

AnyComprehensionFluencyPhonicsPhonological awarenessPrint awarenessVocabularyWriting

B/D/A

AnyBefore readingDuring readingAfter reading

Especially helpful for

AnyAcademic languageDecoding / encodingGrammarEnglish learnersOrganizing ideasSelf-monitoring

Effective strategies for working with text in the classroom at school

The ultimate goal of teaching Russian is practical literacy and language competence. The basis of the content of literature as an academic subject is reading and textual study of works of art.

Work with the text as the main didactic unit allows schoolchildren to combine the activities of developing practical skills of literate writing and speech development.

Every teacher dreams that all students come to the lesson prepared: they have completely read this or that work or paragraph. And not just read, but understood the meaning of the text read. During the final certification, the graduate must also understand the meaning of the read text. Whether it is a task to the text or the text itself.

Teachers working in grades 9 and 11 know that most mistakes are made due to misunderstanding of what is read, as well as when reading the assignment itself.

Teaching a child to read “correctly”, “effectively”, “productively” is an important task for a teacher. That is why the technology of productive reading (PRT), developed by Professor N. Svetlovskaya, acquires a leading role and contributes to the achievement of the results that are mentioned in the new standards.

The technology is universal and can be used in lessons of any cycle.

It is aimed at the formation of all universal educational activities: cognitive, communicative, regulatory, personal.

The technology of productive reading differs sharply from the traditional technology of transferring ready-made knowledge to a student. The teacher organizes the children's research work in such a way that they themselves "think" about solving the key problem of the lesson and can themselves explain how to act in new conditions. The teacher becomes a partner, a mentor, an observer.

The developed technology includes three stages of working with text, a three-stage process.

The goal of is the development of anticipation (the ability to guess, predict the content of the text). Task - to develop motivation for reading the text

1. Strategy "Forecast by headline".

Task: think about what can be discussed in the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Warm bread", in the work of P.P. Bazhov "Mistress of the Copper Mountain", etc.

– Try to predict the content by the first line of the story…Remember the name of the story….Does the content of the story match the title?

Give examples of such discrepancies.

Associative bush (circle, row). Today we will read and discuss the topic… What associations do you have about the stated topic?

2. Strategy "Brainstorm" ("Basket of ideas").

Task: answer the questions before reading the text (fairy tales "Warm Bread") - What do you know about K. G. Paustovsky? What do you think the story will be about? Who can be the main character? What event in the story can be described.

3. Strategy "Image of the text".

Task: check your assumptions. Based on the words taken from the text, try to make a short plot story. The title of the story is given.

4. Strategy "Battery of questions".

Task: make up questions to the text according to the title, according to the illustrations.

5. Glossary strategy.

Task: look at the list of words and mark those that can be related to the text. When you finish reading the text, go back to these words and look at their meaning and the use of words used in the text.

6. "Competing with the writer" strategy.

Task: try to predict the content of the book by looking at the illustrations. One student offers his version, the rest complete it.

7. Strategy "True and False Statements".

8. Strategy I know, I want to know, I found out.

Stage 2 - stage of text activity.

The purpose of is to understand the text and create its reader's interpretation, summarizing part of the read text, asking questions of a general nature, making assumptions about the further development of the plot and the role of characters in the composition of the text, etc.).

The main task of is to ensure the full perception of the text. The main strategies at the stage of text activity are dialogue with the author, commented reading.

1. Strategy "Reading in a circle". The text is read in turn (each "circle member" reads a paragraph). After this, a stop follows: everyone asks questions to the read passage. If the question cannot be answered (it does not correspond to the text), then the question is considered incorrect. * All correct questions can be recorded.

2. Silent reading with questions strategy.

3. Strategy “Reading to yourself with notes. (Insert)" . Marginal notes: + - knew; - - new; ? - interesting; V is unclear. Others are possible: B - question; O - answer; Z - I know; N - new; And - interesting; X - I want to know; C - ask; U to clarify.

4. Strategy "Reading with stops". Reading the text with stops, during which tasks are given in the form of questions: some are aimed at checking understanding, others - at predicting the content of the next passage.

5. "Pose a problem - offer a solution" strategy. Remember what problems the heroes of the work face (the problem is formulated and written down in an oval). Next, the children can name several problems, students are divided into groups and offer all kinds of solutions to problems.

6. Strategy "Creating a question plan". The student carries out a semantic grouping of the text, highlights the strong points, divides the text into semantic parts and titles each part with a key question…….

Stage 3 – stage of post-text (post-text) activity.

The purpose of is to correct the reader's interpretation in accordance with the author's meaning.

The main task of is to provide in-depth perception and understanding of the text, to raise a question to the text as a whole, followed by a conversation, the result of which should be an understanding of the author's meaning. Re-addressing the title, illustrations, performing creative tasks.

2. Question tree strategy Crown – what? where? when? Barrel - why? How? Could you? Roots - how to relate the text to life? With current events? What is the author trying to show?

3. Strategy "Bloom's Cube" (Benjamin Bloom is a famous American teacher, author of many pedagogical strategies = technician).

The beginnings of the questions are written on the faces of the cube: “Why?”, “Explain”, “Name”, “Suggest”, “Think up”, “Share”. The teacher or student rolls the die.

It is necessary to formulate a question to the educational material on the side on which the cube fell.

The “Name” question is aimed at the level of reproduction, i.e. at the simple reproduction of knowledge.

Question "Why" - the student in this case must find cause-and-effect relationships, describe the processes occurring with a certain object or phenomenon.

“Explain ” question – student uses concepts and principles in new situations.

All of the above strategies provide for serious work with the text, its deep analysis and understanding, the organization of independent cognitive activity of students on educational material. socially moral experience and makes you think, knowing the world around you.

Technology Advantage:

1. Applicable in the lessons of any cycle and at any level of education.

2. Focused on personal development.

3. Develops the ability to predict the results of reading.

4. Promotes understanding of the text in the lesson.

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• RAFT technique in Russian language and literature classes
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• 4 quick reading techniques for educational and scientific literature 91. Introduction

  The global processes of informatization of society, the increase in the amount of textual information every year, the presentation of new requirements for its analysis, systematization and speed of processing have placed theorists and practitioners of education in front of the need to develop new approaches to teaching reading.

  Problems:

  - children have a low reading speed, as a result of which they spend a lot of time preparing homework,

  - they often do not understand the meaning of what they read due to reading errors and incorrect intonation,

  - they cannot extract the necessary information from the proposed text, highlight the main thing in what they read,

  - find it difficult to briefly retell the content,

  - when doing independent work, tests of different levels, students make mistakes due to misunderstanding of the wording of the task,

  - rarely refer to cognitive texts.

  That is, a serious contradiction arises: on the one hand, the modern world brings down a huge amount of information on us, on the other hand, our children do not read much, do not have semantic reading skills, and do not know how to work with information.

  It is not so important to read a lot, it is much more necessary to process what you read in your mind in a quality manner. Having comprehended and structured the text in a certain way, it is much easier to convey its content and learn the main thing.

  The current interdisciplinary curriculum, provided for by the new educational standards, is the program "Fundamentals of semantic reading and working with text." The program is aimed at forming and developing the foundations of reading competence necessary for students to implement their future plans, including continuing education and self-education, preparing for work and social activities. Today, reading, along with writing and computer skills, is one of the basic skills that allow you to work productively and communicate freely with different people. Reading is a universal skill: it is something taught and something through which one learns. As scientists have established, about 200 factors affect student performance. Factor #1 is reading skill, which has a far greater impact on academic performance than all of them combined. Research shows that in order to be competent in all subjects and later in life, a person needs to read 120-150 words per minute. This becomes a necessary condition for the success of working with information. Reading is the foundation of all educational outcomes.

  2. Semantic reading in the context of the new Federal State Educational Standards

  Federal standards include in the meta-subject results of mastering OOP as a mandatory component "mastering the skills of semantic reading of texts of various styles and genres in accordance with the goals and objectives."

  Semantic reading is a type of reading aimed at understanding the semantic content of the text by the reader. For semantic understanding, it is not enough just to read the text, it is necessary to evaluate the information, respond to the content.

  In the concept of universal educational activities (Asmolov A.G., Burmenskaya G.V., Volodarskaya I.A., etc.) actions of semantic reading associated with:

  tasks;

  - definition of primary and secondary information;

  - by formulating the problem and the main idea of ​​the text.

  For semantic understanding, it is not enough just to read the text, it is necessary to evaluate the information, to respond to the content. The concept of "text" should be interpreted broadly. It can include not only words, but also visual images in the form of diagrams, figures, maps, tables, graphs.

  Since reading is a meta-subject skill, its constituent parts will be in the structure of all universal learning activities:

  - personal UUD includes reading motivation, learning motives, attitude towards oneself and school;

  - in the regulatory UUD - the student's acceptance of the learning task, arbitrary regulation of activity;

  - in cognitive UUD - logical and abstract thinking, working memory, creative imagination, concentration of attention, vocabulary volume.

  - in communicative UUD - the ability to organize and implement cooperation and cooperation with a teacher and peers, adequately convey information, display subject content.

  The diagram shows groups of meta-subject results related to semantic reading.

  3. Semantic reading strategies

  To work with the text at each stage, the reader chooses his own strategies. Learning strategies are a set of actions that a learner takes in order to facilitate learning, make it more effective, efficient, faster, more enjoyable, aim and bring learning activities closer to their own goals.0007

  The term "reading strategies" was born at the dawn of psycholinguistics, and its appearance is associated with the work of Kenneth Goodman and Peter Kolers (70s). (slide 14) The most general definition of J. Bruner became fundamental for all subsequent works: “A strategy is a certain way of acquiring, storing and using information that serves to achieve certain goals in the sense that it should lead to certain results. ”

  If successful, the student remembers the ways of his actions, operations, resources used, transfers the strategy to other situations, makes it universal. The number of strategies and the frequency of their use are individual.

  Strategy No. 1. Directed reading

  Purpose: to form the ability to purposefully read the educational text. Ask questions and lead group discussions.

  1. Update. Reception "Associative Bush": the teacher writes a keyword or title of the text, students express their associations one by one, the teacher writes down. The use of this technique allows you to update knowledge, motivate subsequent activities, activate the cognitive activity of students, set them up for work.

  2. Pupils silently read a short text or part of a text, stopping at the indicated places.

  3. The teacher asks a problematic question on what has been read.

  4. The answers of several students are discussed in class.

  5. The students make an assumption about the further development of the event.

  Strategy #2. Reading in pairs - generalization in pairs

  Purpose: to form the ability to highlight the main thing, summarize what was read in the form of a thesis, ask problematic questions.

  1. The students silently read the text or part of the text chosen by the teacher.

  2. The teacher puts the students in pairs and gives clear instruction. Each student alternately performs two roles: speaker - reads and summarizes the content in the form of one thesis; the respondent listens to the speaker and asks him two substantive questions. Next comes the role reversal.

  3. The teacher invites all students to the discussion.

  Strategy No. 3. Reading and asking

  Purpose: to form the ability to work independently with printed information, formulate questions, work in pairs.

  1. Pupils silently read the proposed text or part of the text chosen by the teacher.

  2. The students work in pairs and discuss which key words should be highlighted in the reading. (Which words occur most often in the text? How many times? Which words are in bold? Why?

  If you read the text aloud, how would you make it clear that this sentence is the main thing? It is about highlighting the phrase voice, which hides an unobtrusive but reliable memorization.)

  3. One of the students formulates a question using key words, the other answers it.

  4. Discuss key words, questions and answers in class. Correction.

  Strategy No. 4. Double entry diary

  Purpose: to form the ability to ask questions while reading, critically evaluate information, compare what is read with one's own experience.

  1. The teacher instructs the students to divide the notebook into two parts.

  2. In the process of reading, students should write down on the left side the moments that struck, surprised, reminded of some facts, caused any associations; on the right - write a concise commentary: why this particular moment surprised you, what associations it caused, what thoughts it prompted.

  Strategy No. 5. Reading with notes

  Goal: to form the ability to read thoughtfully, evaluate information, formulate the author's thoughts in your own words.

  The teacher gives the students the task to write information in the margins with icons according to the following algorithm:

  • V Familiar information
  • + New information
  • - I thought (thought) otherwise
  • ? It interested me (surprised), I want to know more

  The essence of semantic reading strategies is that the strategy is related to choice, functions automatically at the unconscious level and is formed in the course of the development of cognitive activity. Teaching reading strategies includes the acquisition of skills:

  - Distinguishing types of message content - facts, opinions, judgments, evaluations;

  - recognition of the hierarchy of meanings within the text - the main idea, theme and its components;

  - own understanding - the process of reflective perception of the cultural meaning of information.

  Mastering strategies occurs mainly in groups or pairs, which allows students to develop not only speech, but also communicative competence.

  4. Techniques for teaching the strategy of semantic reading and working with text

  The strategy of semantic reading provides understanding of the text by mastering the techniques of mastering it at the stages before reading, during reading and after reading. Working with any text involves three stages: pre-text activity, text and post-text activity

  Stage 1. Work with text before reading.

  1. Anticipation (anticipation, anticipation of the upcoming reading). Determining the semantic, thematic, emotional orientation of the text, highlighting its heroes by the title of the work, the name of the author, key words, illustrations preceding the text based on the reader's experience.

  2. Setting the objectives of the lesson, taking into account the general (educational, motivational, emotional, psychological) readiness of students for work.

  Purpose of stage 1: development of the most important reading skill, anticipation, that is, the ability to guess, predict the content of the text by title, author's name, illustration.

  Techniques of pre-text activity:

  If earlier, according to the traditional method, only one task “Read the text” was given at the stage of pre-reading the text, and the main attention was paid to control of reading comprehension, now we know that the better organized the stage of pre-reading, the easier it is for the student to read the text and the higher the result achieved by him.

  Pre-text orienting devices are aimed at staging reading and, consequently, at choosing the type of reading, updating previous knowledge and experience, concepts and vocabulary of the text, as well as creating motivation for reading.

  Most common techniques:

  • Brainstorming
  • Glossary
  • "Landmarks of anticipation"
  • Preliminary Questions
  • "Dissection questions".

  Brainstorming, Headline Forecast.

  The goal is to update previous knowledge and experience related to the topic of the text.

  The question is asked: what associations do you have about the stated topic?

  Associations are written on the board.

  The teacher can add various information.

  Reading text. Comparison of information with that learned from the text.

  "Glossary"

  The purpose of is to update and repeat the vocabulary related to the topic of the text.

  The teacher says the name of the text, gives a list of words and suggests marking those that may be related to the text.

  Having finished reading the text, they return to these words (this will be a post-text strategy) and look at the meaning and use of the words used in the text.

  "Landmarks of anticipation"

  The purpose of is to update previous knowledge and experience related to the topic of the text. Students are given judgments. They should mark the ones they agree with. After reading, they mark them again. If the answer has changed, then the students explain why this happened (post-text strategy)

  “Dissections of the Question”

  The goal of is a semantic guess about the possible content of the text based on the analysis of its title. It is proposed to read the title of the text and divide it into semantic groups. What do you think the text will be about?

  “Preliminary questions”

  The purpose of is to update existing knowledge on the topic of the text.

  Detailed reception algorithm:

  1. Scan the text quickly. (Review reading.)

  2. Answer the question given in the title of the text.

  Stage 2. Working with text while reading.

  Purpose of stage 2: understanding of the text and creation of its reader's interpretation (interpretation, evaluation).

  1. Primary reading of the text. Independent reading in the classroom or reading-listening, or combined reading (at the choice of the teacher) in accordance with the characteristics of the text, age and individual abilities of students. Identification of primary perception (with the help of a conversation, fixing primary impressions, related arts - at the teacher's choice).

  2. Rereading the text. Slow "thoughtful" repeated reading (of the entire text or its individual fragments). Text analysis. Statement of a clarifying question for each semantic part.

  3. Conversation on the content of the text. Summary of what has been read. Identification of the hidden meaning of the work, if any. Statement of generalizing questions to the text, both by the teacher and by the children. Appeal (if necessary) to individual fragments of the text.

  Methods of text activity include:

  • Read aloud
  • "Reading to yourself with questions"
  • Stop Reading
  • "Reading to yourself with a mark"

  "Reading aloud"

  The goal is to check the understanding of the text read aloud .

  1. Reading text paragraph by paragraph. The task is to read with understanding, the task of the listeners is to ask the reader questions to check whether he understands the text being read.

  2. Listeners ask questions about the content of the text, the reader answers. If his answer is incorrect or inaccurate, the listeners correct him.

  “Reading to yourself with questions”

  The goal is to teach you to read the text thoughtfully by asking yourself increasingly complex questions .

  1. Reading the first paragraph. Questions are being asked.

  2. Reading the second paragraph to yourself. Work in pairs. One student asks questions, the other answers.

  3. Reading the third paragraph. They change roles. They ask questions and answer.

  Stop Reading

  Goals - managing the process of understanding the text while reading it.

  Reading the text with stops during which questions are asked. Some of them are aimed at testing understanding, others - at predicting the content of the following passage.

  “Reading to yourself with notes” (“Insert”)

  The goal is to monitor the understanding of the text being read and its critical analysis . This strategy is most often used to work with complex scientific texts. It is used to stimulate more careful reading. Reading becomes an exciting journey.

  1. Individual reading.

  While reading, the student makes notes in the text:

  • V – already knew;
  • + - new;
  • - thought differently;
  • ? - I do not understand, there are questions.

  2. Reading, the second time, fill in the table, systematizing the material.

  Already knew (V)	Learned something new (+)	Thought otherwise (–)	Questions (?)

  Records - keywords, phrases. After completing the table, students will have a mini-outline. After the students fill in the table, we summarize the results of the work in the conversation mode. If the students have any questions, then I answer them, having previously found out if one of the students can answer the question that has arisen. This technique contributes to the development of the ability to classify, systematize incoming information, highlight the new.

  “Creating a question plan”.

  The student carries out a semantic grouping of the text, highlights the strong points, divides the text into semantic parts and titles each part with a key question

  Stage 3. Working with text after reading .

  Purpose: correction of the reader's interpretation in accordance with the author's intention

  1. Conceptual (semantic) conversation on the text. Collective discussion of the read, discussion. Correlation of readers' interpretations (interpretations, evaluations) of the work with the author's position. Identification and formulation of the main idea of ​​the text or the totality of its main meanings.

  2. Acquaintance with the writer. Story about a writer. Talk about the personality of the writer. Working with textbook materials, additional sources.

  3. Work with the title, illustrations. Discussing the meaning of the title. Referring students to ready-made illustrations. Correlation of the artist's vision with the reader's idea.

  4. Creative tasks based on any area of ​​students' reading activity (emotions, imagination, comprehension of content, artistic

  Techniques for post-text activities.

  • "Relationship between question and answer"
  • "Time out"
  • "Checklist"
  • "Questions after the text"

  "Relationship between question and answer"

  The goal is to teach understanding of the text . One of the most effective post-text techniques. It differs from the rest in that it teaches the process of understanding the text, and does not control the result (understood - did not understand), shows the need to search for the location of the answer.

  The answer to the question can be in the text or in the reader's word. If the answer is in the text, it can be in one sentence of the text or in several of its parts. To answer the question, you need to find the exact answer in one sentence of the text. If it is contained in several parts of the text, such an answer must be formulated by connecting them.

  If the answer is in the reader's head, then in one case the reader constructs it by connecting what the author says between the lines or indirectly and how the reader interprets the author's words. In another case, the answer is outside the text and the reader is looking for it in his knowledge.

  "Time out"

  Objectives - self-test and assessment of understanding of the text by discussing it in pairs and in a group.

  Reception implementation algorithm:

  1. Reading the first part of the text. Work in pairs.

  2. They ask each other clarifying questions. They answer them. If there is no confidence in the correctness of the answer, questions are submitted for discussion by the whole group after the completion of the work with the text.

  Checklist

  This strategy is quite flexible. It lays down the conditions for the qualitative performance of any task. The “checklist” is compiled by the teacher for students at the first stages of applying the strategy.

  Checklist "Brief retelling":

  1. The main idea of ​​the text is named. (Yes/No.)

  2. The main thoughts of the text and the main details are named. (Yes/No.)

  3. There is a logical and semantic structure of the text. (Yes/No.)

  4. There are necessary means of communication that unite the main ideas of the text. (Yes/No.)

  5. The content is presented in one's own words (language means) while maintaining the lexical units of the author's text. (Yes/No.)

  "Questions after the text"

  The classification of questions, known as the "Taxonomy of questions", involves a balance between groups of questions to:

  - the factual information of the text, presented verbally;

  - subtext information hidden between lines, in subtext;

  - conceptual information, often outside the text.

  These three groups of questions are now being supplemented with a fourth - a group of evaluative, reflective questions related to the critical analysis of the text.

  "thin" and "thick" questions

  After studying the topic, students are asked to formulate three "thin" and three "thick" questions related to the material covered. They then quiz each other using tables of "thick" and "thin" questions.

  Thick questions	Subtle questions
  Explain why….? Why do you think....? Guess what happens if...? What's the difference...? Why do you think....?	Who..? What…? When…? Maybe...? Could...? Was it...? Will be…? Do you agree...? Is it true...?

  Question Tree

  Krona - what? where? when? Barrel - why? How? Could you? Roots - how to relate the text to life? With current events? What is the author trying to show?

  "Bloom's Cube" (Benjamin Bloom is a famous American teacher, author of many pedagogical strategies = technician).

  The beginnings of the questions are written on the sides of the cube: “Why?”, “Explain”, “Name”, “Suggest”, “Think up”, “Share”. The teacher or student rolls the die.

  It is necessary to formulate a question to the educational material on the side on which the cube fell.

  The “Name” question is aimed at the level of reproduction, that is, at the simple reproduction of knowledge.

  The question "Why" - the student in this case must find cause-and-effect relationships, describe the processes that occur with a particular object or phenomenon.

  "Explain" question - the student uses concepts and principles in new situations.

  Question Tree

  Options for working with text.

  "Questions to the text of the textbook"

  The strategy allows you to form the ability to work independently with printed information, formulate questions, work in pairs.

  • Read the text.
  • What words occur most often in the text? How many times?
  • Which words are in bold? Why?
  • If you were to read the text aloud, how would you make it clear that this sentence is the main one?

  We are talking about highlighting a phrase with your voice. Here lies an unobtrusive but reliable memorization.

  Cluster

  I use clusters for structuring and systematizing material. A cluster is a way of graphic organization of educational material, the essence of which is that in the middle of the sheet the main word (idea, topic) is written or sketched, and ideas (words, pictures) associated with it are fixed on the sides of it.

  "Keywords"

  These are words that can be used to compose a story or definitions of some concept.

  "True and False Statements"

  has a universal technique that helps to update students' knowledge and enhance mental activity. This technique makes it possible to quickly include children in mental activity and it is logical to proceed to the study of the topic of the lesson. Reception forms the ability to assess the situation or facts, the ability to analyze information, the ability to reflect one's opinion. Children are invited to express their attitude to a number of statements according to the rule: true - "+", not true - "-".

  "Do you believe..."

  It is carried out in order to arouse interest in the study of the topic and create a positive motivation for independent study of the text on this topic.

  Conducted at the beginning of the lesson, after the announcement of the topic.

  Cinquain

  Develops the ability of students to highlight key concepts in the reading, the main ideas, synthesize the knowledge gained and show creativity.

  Sinkwine structure:

  • Noun (subject).
  • Two adjectives (description)
  • Three verbs (action).
  • Four-word phrase (description).
  • Noun (paraphrasing of the topic).

  "Mental maps" (graphic method of text organization),

  Mind Mapping is a mind visualization technique. The applications of mental maps are very diverse - for example, they can be used to fix, understand and remember the content of a book or text, generate and write down ideas, understand a new topic for yourself, prepare for making a decision.

  In the center of a landscape sheet, one word indicates the theme, which is enclosed in a closed outline. Branches are drawn from it, on which keywords are located. Sub-branches are added to branches until the topic is exhausted.

  Mind maps activate memory. Lists, solid text, trees, and diagrams are the same. Mind maps, on the other hand, use every possible means to activate perception through diversity: different line weights, different colors of branches, precisely chosen keywords that are personally meaningful to you, the use of images and symbols. The technique of mental maps helps not only to organize and organize information, but also to better perceive, understand, remember and associate it.

  5. Diagnosis of educational outcomes using semantic reading techniques

  The network project "Semantic Reading Techniques" [1] describes the model of V.V. Pikan, in which all cognitive levels are illustrated by exemplary examples of key questions and tasks that make it possible to diagnose the quality of mastering knowledge and ways of students' activities. Each of the cognitive levels (knowledge, understanding, application, generalization and systematization, value attitude) is assigned the number of points received for completing the tasks of the mastered level. The table below shows examples of questions and tasks, assessment criteria.

  Cognitive levels and assessment criteria	Sample key questions and tasks (beginning of formulations)
  Knowledge - 1 point	Name. .., Define..., Formulate... . Retell ... List .... Choose the correct answer…. Complete the word…. Show…, Find out...etc.
  Comprehension - 2 points	As you understand... Explain the relationship. Why ... Connect in semantic pairs .... Show on the graph...
  Application - according to sample 3 b. in a changed situation - 4 b. in a new situation - 5 b.	Make an offer…. Identify Traits character…. Apply the appropriate rule.... Compare…. Draw conclusions.... Present your point of view...
  Generalization and systematization 6-8 b. 6 b. – local; 7 b. intrasubject; 8 b. interdisciplinary, ideological	Make a summary…. Make a table. Classify…. Give arguments for and against.... Make a report…
  Value attitude - 2-10 b.	What does it matter…. What do you think…. Do you like…. Describe the advantages and disadvantages…. What role does the...

  6. Implementation of semantic reading technology techniques

  1. Work with text before reading. Reception dissection question.

  It is proposed to read the title of the paragraph "Compound sentence", the title of the scientific style text, and divide it into semantic groups; answer the question: what do you think the text will be about?

  2. Working with text while reading.

  Primary reading . Review reading or introductory reading:

  • How many paragraphs of the text?
  • Pay attention to the words in thinned and bold type.
  • Write down keywords.

  1. Compound

  2. Communication

  • Coordinating conjunctions
  • Intonation

  3. Additional communications

  • general minor member
  • Explanatory words

  4. Punctuation marks

  • Comma
  • Semicolon
  • Dash
  • No comma

  Learning reading . Rereading text

  • Reading 1 paragraph.
  • We ask questions to the reader, he answers them.
  • Reading in pairs to yourself 2 paragraphs, one student asks a question - the other answers.
  • Reading 3, 4 paragraphs - students change roles.

  3. Work with the text after reading.

  Work in groups: 1 group, using keywords, makes up a story about a compound sentence; Group 2, based on the plan for syntactic analysis of a simple sentence, draws up a plan for characterizing a complex sentence.

  General job:

  • Give an example of a compound sentence, give a description according to the plan, draw up a diagram;
  • make a mind map.

  Fig.1. Mind map "Compound sentence" of a 9th grade student Samara D.

  7. Conclusion

  Semantic reading forms cognitive interest, the ability to compare facts and draw conclusions, activates the imagination, develops speech, thinking, and also teaches how to work with information. The active implementation of semantic reading strategies, technologies by all teachers of various academic disciplines will make our graduates full members of the new information society.

  References and references
  1. Project "Techniques of semantic reading" Auth. Dozmorova E.V., Director of the Center for Innovations in Education of the FPC and PC TSPU, Ph.D. - https://www.planeta.tspu.ru/files/file/doc/1464065663.pdf
  2. Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education // http://standart.edu.ru/catalog.aspx?CatalogId=959.
  3. Variable learning technology / under.

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