Learn about adjectives

What is an adjective? Learn about adjectives with EasyBib's guide.

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With its multiple types, forms and rules of use, the adjective can be a slippery element of language to master. Get a firm grip on it, however, and you’ll be rewarded with the power to elevate your work to a more engaging, interesting and expressive level.

Adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives give the reader more specific information about an object’s color, size, shape, material, and more. This guide will help you understand their function so you can use them effectively in your essays and papers.

Additionally, EasyBib Plus’s easy grammar check solution can help improve your essays. With a subscription, you can upload your paper to check for structural or grammatical errors and receive suggestions that may help improve your writing style. It can also check for unintentional plagiarism, help you to cite sources, and generate MLA or APA format citations. If you need to create citations in a different format, our library of resources contains free guides for many more styles.

For information on the structural role these modifiers play in a sentence, you may find this further reading helpful.

Guide Overview

• What is an adjective?
• Types of adjectives
• Which comes first?
• Why they’ll never be lonely
• The unspoken order
• If in doubt, take it out!
• What can an adjective add?
• The wonder word
• Flip reverse with adjectival opposites
• Cool, cooler or the coolest?
• A master of disguise
• Unusual adjective examples
• Still struggling?

What is an Adjective?

As a child, you might have learned that it is a describing word. This adjective definition is correct and, as mentioned above, it can be used to describe, modify or qualify a noun, essentially giving more information about the object, person, place, thing or idea in question.

In its most basic form, it is a single word. However, as the English language is anything but basic, you’ll also want to understand the adjectival clause and phrase—more on those later!

When used well, this essential part of the English language can become your most potent writing ally. They’ll make your writing more specific and lucid, enabling you to convey your ideas in a clear and appealing manner. They add the meat to the bare bones of a sentence!

Struggling with writing in general? Our grammar checker, that comes with EasyBib Plus, can help. You’ll also find lots of additional free resources at EasyBib.com too, including guides for Chicago/Turabian, APA and MLA format. It’s an easy, one-stop online toolkit that can help you understand tricky topics, such as creating an MLA citation for a website or citing an image found online, to make sure that the work you’re handing in for marking doesn’t contain avoidable mistakes that could let you down.

Types of Adjectives

When it comes to learning the different types, some are more interesting than others—however, there’s no picking and choosing with grammar! Let’s take a look at both the fun and the functional, and the part they each play in the English language.

The Exciting

Descriptive adjectives are the grammatical icing on the cake or bubbles in the bathwater. They follow the classic adjective definition of a descriptive word that comes before or after a noun to modify it. Often, you can take them away and the sentence will still technically make sense, although it’s likely to be less informative, thought-provoking, and engaging for the reader.

For example:

The woman was wearing a dress.

vs

The beautiful woman was wearing a long, white dress.

When it comes before a noun it is known as an attributive adjective.

When it comes after a noun it is known as a predicate adjective. Note that these usually follow a linking verb.

For example:

• Attributive — the beautiful woman
• Predicate (also known as predicative) — the woman looked beautiful

To learn more click here or check your paper with EasyBib Plus’s paper checker to ensure that you’re using different aspects of language, including spelling, punctuation, style and word choice, correctly. Otherwise, let’s continue on our exploration of describing words.

Did you know that describing words can also be subjective or objective?

Objective: A descriptor, based in fact, that will often be quantifiable and measurable. Descriptors of age, color, pattern, size, shape, condition, type, purpose, origin and material are objective. For example: old, red, checked, large, square, clean, four-sided, running (to indicate purpose, e.g., running shoes), French and paper.

Subjective: These words provide opinion-based descriptions which may be open to interpretation. It could be an ‘in the eye of the beholder’ descriptor such as beautiful or ugly. Or it could describe a relative measure such as cheap, best, favorite or cold. Words used to describe an emotion or feeling such as happy or hungry are also subjective.

There are multiple objective and subjective sub-types, so you should be spoiled for choice when choosing that perfect describing word. Find a list of adjectives and the order they should follow further down.

The Essential

Words in this category are more likely to modify (or give information about) a noun than describe it. Take them away, and you’ll often find that you no longer have a fully formed sentence. These are the ‘toothbrush in the bathroom words’—nothing about them is exciting, but they perform an essential function, we use them daily, and we’d be lost without them.

Take articles. They always come before the noun they’re indicating. There are three articles in the English language: a, an, and the. A and an are used to denote non-specific things, while the indicates something specific. The is known as the definite article, while a and an are indefinite articles.

For example:

Pass me the book

The word the tells us that the request is for a specific book.

Pass me a book.

A, however, shows that any book will do.

Demonstrative: Similar to the definite article in that they indicate specific things. For example: these, those, this and that.

Indefinite: Similar to the indefinite article in that they indicate non-specific things. For example: any, many, several and few.

Interrogative: Used to ask questions. There are three in the English language: which, whatand whose.

Possessive: Indicate that a thing belongs to someone. My, your, his, and our are examples of a possessive adjective.

Numerical: Answer the question “how many?” in a sentence. For example:

She ate six cupcakes.

Which Comes First?

We’ve answered the question, ‘what is an adjective?’. Now let’s look at where they sit in a sentence. Typically, a describing word is a pre-modifier, this means that it comes before the noun, pronoun or the noun phrase that it’s looking to modify. Also known as a prepositive (NOT a preposition, that’s different!) or, as previously mentioned, attributive.

For example:

A lovely day

In the case of an indefinite pronoun (someone, something, anybody), however, the descriptor comes after.

For example:

Something blue

We’ve also mentioned predicatives that come after the noun they modify and follow a linking verb.

For example:

The sky looked blue.

Why They’ll Never Be Lonely

Although a describing word will always be singular (even if the noun is plural), it will never be lonely—it will always team up with a noun or pronoun in a sentence.

The adjective phrase is a phrase that performs the describing or modifying function in a sentence. It can be a string of describing words or it can be an intensifier plus descriptor.

String example:

It was a cold but sunny day.

Intensifier example:

She was very happy.

Coordinates

When one just isn’t enough you can use coordinate adjectives separated by a comma or commas. These are a perfect pairing—or trio or full-on gang—of words used to describe or modify a single noun.

For example:

A long, white, lacy dress

Long, white and lacy are coordinates: they are adjectives with a parallel function in describing the dress, and none carries more weight than the others. You can test this by replacing a comma with a conjunction, such as and or but, and checking if the sentence still makes sense.

For example:

A long and white and lacy dress

A beautiful but expensive dress

Non-Coordinates

In some sentences, however, replacing the commas with conjunctions yields a sentence that no longer makes sense. When this occurs, the describing words are non-coordinate.

If one word holds more weight than the other, they are non-coordinate—also known as cumulative. Another easy way to test this is to switch the words around to see if the sentence still makes sense.

For example:

My two red skirts were in the laundry.

My two and red skirts were in the laundry.

My red two skirts were in the laundry.

Non-coordinates don’t need to be separated by a comma.

The Unspoken Order (mess with this at your peril!)

Native English speakers intuitively follow a particular order when using describing words in a sentence. Intriguingly, many of us aren’t even aware that there is an order, let alone that we’re complying with it.

For those learning English as a foreign language, however, it’s a bit of an uphill battle. To help make sense of it, the following list of adjectives follows the order used when forming sentences:

• Determiner — a, an, the, that, some, six
• Opinion — beautiful, easy, expensive, happy, angry, boring, strange
• Size — large, small, tiny, deep, medium
• Condition/Physical Quality — broken, cold, smooth, rich, poor, sharp, slow, heavy, light
• Age — new, old, seven-year-old, modern, antique
• Shape — round, square, oval, flat
• Color — red, blue, monochrome, bright, dull
• Pattern — striped, spotty, flowery, chevron, plaid
• Origin — American, French, English, public, private
• Material — gold, silver, cotton, silk, wooden
• Type — general, four-sided, wireless
• Purpose/Qualifier — sleeping, frying, hunting, swimming
• Noun — bag, pan, hat, pool, woman, house

For example:

• That is a beautiful American house. (opinion + origin + noun)
• It’s a tiny silver ring. (size + material + noun)
• I love smooth, round pebbles. (condition + shape + noun)

Note, however, that the order isn’t entirely set in stone. For example, you might find a list of adjectives that places shape before age.

More resources on this can be found online, including handy downloadable charts. You can also check your word choice, grammar and punctuation with EasyBib Plus.

If in Doubt, Take it Out!

Just because you can use several words to modify one noun doesn’t mean that you should. No one wants their work to be described as ‘wordy’ or ‘flowery’!

Exercise restraint with subjective descriptors like lovely, interesting and beautiful. The ‘show don’t tell’ rule is an oldie but a goodie—rather than telling your reader that something is beautiful, show them what makes it so and trust that they’ll reach the same conclusion.

What Can an Adjective Add?

When you’ve finished trying to say that tongue twister ten times fast, let’s look at what the right word can add to a sentence.

• Opinion — a beautiful dress
• Relative information — a huge house
• Factual information — a red car
• Detail — a shiny floor
• Context — old toys
• Purpose — the dining table
• Character traits — a patient teacher

The Wonder Word

To define adjective solely as a describing word may, arguably, do it a disservice. Used correctly, it’s one of the most capable tools of the English language.

In addition to providing us with the super functional determiners (a, her, those, that, some,etc. ), they can also: clarify and articulate information; alter the meaning or context of a sentence; and turn tedious, flat tales into riveting, page-turning prose.

Here are some examples:

Alter the Meaning of a Sentence

Original:

The woman was wearing a dress.

Revised:

The woman was wearing a long, white wedding dress.

The words long, white and wedding add meaning and clarity in the revised sentence. You could even take away the word wedding and the connotations of a ‘long white dress’ would still remain.

Alter the Context of a Sentence

Original:

The girl was playing with old, broken toys.

Revised:

The girl was playing with shiny, new toys.

These two sentences paint very different pictures, by merely changing the modifiers. If they were the first line of a story, they’d instantly conjure very different assumptions and set different moods.

Convey Information

Original:

John opened the door to his apartment.

Revised:

John opened the door to his expensive, new apartment.

Transform Dull Prose

Original:

John opened the door to the house.

Revised:

A nervous John opened the heavy, creaking door to the spooky, old house.

These wonder words have the power to change the impact of a sentence entirely!

Need more information on a determiner? Check out our determiner page from EasyBib Plus.

Flip Reverse With Adjectival Opposites

These words are masters of transformation, and you’ll see one of their most impressive tricks when you employ them to achieve the opposite meaning or, to add a degree of negativity.

For example:

• Positive — my favorite show
• Negative — my least favorite show
• Positive — my teacher is patient
• Negative — my teacher is not patient

Interestingly, you can convey a scale of meaning with this method.

My art teacher is less patient than my music teacher.

Prefixes can also be used to achieve the same result.

For example:

• Patient — impatient
• Alcoholic — non-alcoholic
• Kind — unkind

Cool, Cooler or the Coolest?

Not content to present themselves in only one form, the not-so-humble adjectives can also be used to compare two or more nouns. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.

Positive/Absolute: This is the standard base form of the word. Positive adjectives don’t compare anything. These include words such as sunny, messy, and great, which describe an object in its own right. Other examples are: red, hot, angry.

Comparative: Comparative adjectives compare two or more objects by degree. Adjectives such as sunnier, messier, and greater are comparative.

Most adjectives can be made comparative by adding –er or –ier to the end. You may also need to double the final consonants. For example: Big, bigger, biggest.

In some cases, adjectives must be preceded by comparative terms like more or less. For example: more interesting, less intelligent.

Superlative: Superlative adjectives indicate that a noun has the highest degree of the quality being described. Examples include sunniest, messiest, and greatest.

You can typically make adjectives superlative by adding –est or –iest. Some adjectives, however, must be preceded by most to become superlative.

Irregulars: As seen in the examples above, most degrees of comparison can be formed by adding:

• er and est — bright, brighter, brightest
• r and st — brave, braver, bravest
• Removing the y and adding ier and iest — dry, drier, driest
• By adding words such as more and most

Some, however, don’t like to follow the rules. These words, known as irregulars, express degrees of comparison with sometimes drastic changes in form.

For example:

• Little, less, least
• Bad, worse, worst

Forming comparatives or superlatives of words that already express an extreme of comparison is also a sticky subject.

If something is already perfect, can it be more perfect or the most perfect? There’s a puzzle for the language philosophers among you!

To learn more about and other parts of speech, review our grammar quick guide.

A Master of Disguise

Now here’s where things can get really tricky! Grammar is full of sneaky double agents—a verb or a noun can become a describing word, and a describing word can become a noun or an adverb. Confused? Let’s break it down.

Noun as a Descriptor

Sometimes a noun is used to describe another noun. The first noun then functions as the descriptor.

For example:

• Thing — a bar of gold
• Descriptor — a gold necklace
• Thing — basketball
• Descriptor — a basketball player

Compound Nouns

In some cases these then become compound nouns, which are recognized as single words because they need both words to convey their meaning accurately.

For example:

• Thing — wedding
• Descriptor — wedding dress — the word wedding modifies the noun dress.
• Compound Noun — wedding dress

Compound nouns can also be formed from a descriptor plus noun or a descriptor plus verb.

For example:

• red-head
• soft-ball
• dry-cleaning
• public-speaking

Participles

A participle is a word that has been formed from a verb but functions as a describing word.

For example:

• Verb — to run
• Participle — running water — the word running modifies the noun water.

Nominals

Nominals precede a describing word with the and function as nouns.

For example:

• Descriptor — the best singer
• Nominal — the best is yet to come

You’ll notice that the word best is not modifying a noun in this sentence. Instead it is acting as the noun.

Collectives

Collectives are a sub-type of nominals that refer to a group sharing a certain characteristic.

For example:

• Descriptor — the old man
• Collective — the old may suffer health problems

Again, the old is acting as a noun to identify a group of people.

Flat Adverbs

A flat adverb doesn’t have the distinctive ‘ly’ on the end of it, which allows it a double function as both adjectives and adverbs.

For example:

• the fast car
• he drove fast

The Adjective Clause

This clause functions as a descriptor in a sentence, and includes a verb and a subject. It always begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, whichever, that, etc) or a relative adverb (where, when, why). It’s a dependent clause, which means that it cannot stand alone as a sentence.

For example:

The jacket that Todd bought yesterday looked smart.

Notice that a descriptive clause doesn’t even have to contain a describing word—go figure!

Unusual Adjective Examples

If you’re still struggling with the question ‘what is an adjective?”, seeing examples may help! Or are you searching for a wonder-word that’s sure to impress your lecturer? Our unusual adjectives list might have the inspiration you need.

Adjectives That Start With A

• Abhorrent — offensive
• Abject — unfortunate
• Adamant — unyielding
• Adroit — skilful, clever
• Auspicious — lucky

Adjectives Starting With D

• Decrepit — worn out, ruined
• Dapper — smart dress and mannerisms
• Decorous — good manners and conduct
• Didactic — instructive
• Draconian — harsh

Adjectives That Start With E

• Effulgent — radiant
• Efficacious — having a striking effect
• Equanimous — balanced, calm
• Erratic — prone to sudden change
• Execrable — detestable, very bad

Adjectives That Start With N

• Nebulous — vague, lacking definition
• Necessitous — poor and needy
• Nescient — ignorant
• Nefarious — wicked
• Noxious — harmful, corrosive

Adjectives Starting With P

• Parsimonious — frugal
• Pernicious — harmful, deadly
• Piquant — stimulates taste or mind
• Plucky — brave
• Precipitate — steep, sudden, hasty

Adjectives That Start With U

• Ubiquitous — everywhere at once
• Unvanquishable — invincible, unbeatable
• Uppity — self-important
• Urbane — courteous
• Utilitarian — useful, practical

A thesaurus is your friend! Use one to find an adjective list and stop using the same tired words over and over. You can also check your word choice using EasyBib.

Still Struggling?

If you don’t have adjectives 100% nailed down just yet, or are still finding it difficult to answer the question ‘what are adjectives?’, don’t worry. Grammar is one of the most challenging aspects of the English language to learn, and it’s a long road to mastery. This guide is here to help you along your way, along with others such as our research paper and interjection pages.

An EasyBib Plus subscription comes with a useful online tool for checking grammar. If you want to try it before subscribing, simply upload your paper or essay for a free review with up to 5 grammar suggestions. An EasyBib Plus subscription also allows you to check for information that may need a citation, and offers tools and resources to help you create an MLA annotated bibliography, MLA works cited, and MLA in-text citation.

Don’t let grammar or unintentional plagiarism let you down. EasyBib Plus can help you ensure that you’re handing in your best work every time.

Adjectives starting with A-Z

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English Adjectives - Learn English for Free

In English grammar, adjectives are words that describe qualities, states of being, or quantity of nouns (e.g., “small,” “childish,” “red,” “slow,” “boring”, “thousands”). Adjectives describe and modify nouns, not verbs, adverbs, or other adjectives. Adjectives tell us how much - or how many - of something someone is talking about. For example, My new dress is yellow and long. An adjective often comes before a noun: a short skirt, a peculiar man, an old building. And sometimes an adjective comes after a verb: My juice is sour. His presentation seemed boring. The light turned red. Learn English the most effective way and reach your language goals faster: take private English lessons or online English group classes from the comfort of your own home!

Adjectives by category

Here are how-to guides for every type of word you'll find when you learn English adjectives. Check out the dedicated categories:

Comparative adjectives compare differences between 2 nouns.

Compound adjectives are multi-word adjectives that generally appear before a noun.

Demonstrative adjectives indicate specific things.

Descriptive adjectives describe the size, color, or shape of a noun.

Present and past participles can be used as adjectives to describe characteristics and feelings.

Possessive adjectives show who owns something.

Superlative adjectives compare differences among 3 or more nouns.

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Free resources about English Adjectives

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Frequently asked questions

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about English adjectives.

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Cases and declension of adjectives

• Declension of adjectives
• Declension of possessive adjectives

Full form adjectives change by case. The table shows all six cases and the questions they answer for each gender and plural.

Case	Questions				Example
	Male genus	female genus	Wed. genus	Mn. number
I.	which one?	which one?	what?	which ones?	new chair
r.	which one?	what?	what?	new chair
D.	which one?	which one?	what?	what?	new chair
V.	which one? what?	which one?	what?	which ones? what?	new chair
T.	how?	which one?	what?	what kind?	new chair
P.	about what?	about what?	about what?	about what?	about a new chair

To find out the case of an adjective, you need to find the noun it refers to and determine its case. The adjective will also be in the same case.

Declension of adjectives

The declension of adjectives is their change in cases, numbers and genders. The gender, number and case of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers. When declining adjectives, their endings change depending on gender and number:

The confusing case of the adjective male family, if the form of an adjective of the adjective, coincides with the named after named :

I see a big house (V. p.) - a big house (I. p.).

The accusative case of masculine adjectives coincides in form with the genitive if the adjective refers to an animate noun:

I see a big bear (V. p.) - there is no big bear (R. p.).

Masculine adjectives in -OY are declined in the same way as in -OY , but always have stressed endings:

0034 .

Feminine adjective declension:

	Husband. genus			female genus		Wed. genus		Mn. number
I.				forest noise	wise friend	summer day	blue whale
Forest noise	Wise friend	summer day	Blue Chinese
Which?	forest noise	wise friend	summer day	blue whale
Q.	what?	Forest noise	Wise friend	Summer day	Blue Chinese
What?	forest noise	wise friend	summer day	blue whale
P.	about what?	On forest noise	On wise friend	On the summer day	On the blue whale

Singular neuter declension of adjectives:

	Questions	Examples
I.		what? what?	bright sun	ancient evil
Q.	what?	bright sun	ancient evil
t.	bright sun	ancient evil
n.	about the bright sun	about ancient evil

Plural declension of full adjectives:

The accusative case of plural adjectives is the same as the nominative if the adjective refers to inanimate nouns:

I see big houses (V. p.) - big houses (I. p.).

The accusative case of plural adjectives is the same as the genitive if the adjective refers to animate nouns:

I see blue whales (V. p.) — no blue whales (R. p.).

Some adjectives have become nouns, for example: sick, worker, bathroom, workshop and so on. Such nouns in declension have case endings for adjectives:

worker, worker, worker .

To check the spelling of the end of an adjective, you need to ask a question from the noun to it, for example:

I haven't seen white sand for a long time.

sand what? white .

The ending of the adjective will fully or partially coincide with the ending of the question. The coincidence of the endings will depend on the declension.

The declension of adjectives is divided into three types: hard, soft and mixed . The hard declension includes adjectives with a base that ends in a hard consonant:

long, old .

The soft declension includes adjectives with stems ending in a soft consonant:

summer blue .

The mixed declension includes adjectives with a base that ends in Г, К, Х, Ц or hissing:

strict, soft, quiet, short, good, hot . What is it? sick distant soft what? what? What is it? how? sick 9about what? about the patient about the distant about the soft

.

Declension of possessive adjectives

Declension of adjectives by

Bear - bear b I - bear b e - bear b and ,

Teddy bear - bear С b - Medvezhi - Medvezh im - o bear em .

The declination of possessive adjectives with suffixes of , -in :

	Male genus
I.	Grandfather Son	Chair0009 Unit m.s. number: I see my father's raincoat (V. p.) - my father's raincoat (I. p.). Multip. number: I see father's shoes (V. p.) - father's shoes (I. p.). The accusative case of possessive masculine singular and plural possessive adjectives coincides in form with the genitive if the adjective refers to animate nouns: Sing. m.s. number: I see my mother's brother (V. p.) - there is no mother's brother (R. p.). Multip. number: see chicks (V. p.) - no chicks (R. p.). Adjective Color scheme: C C C C Font size: A A A Images: Regular site version Home Educational activities Method box Method box Educational activity Date: 03/26/2009 Author: Popovtseva Natalya Vasilievna Subject: Russian language. Class: 3. EMC: "Primary school of the XXI century". Subject: adjective. Lesson type: learning new material. Lesson objectives: Introduce a new part of speech - an adjective. Learn to classify adjectives, to see the connection between an adjective and a noun. Continue work on the formation of cognitive (cognitive), communicative, organizational and activity competencies. Technology: TRCM (the theory of development of critical thinking): Methods used: ZHU table (I know - I want to know - I found out), cluster, cinquain. Lesson progress : Challenge stage (activation of children's knowledge) - We have a lot of guests, and they asked me to tell about the students of my class. Choose the words that characterize you: lazy, attentive, stubborn, stubborn, persistent, hardworking, smart . - Is it possible to unite these words on any basis? - Formulate the topic of our lesson. (Subject: adjective) I suggest you work in the ZHU table. I know I want to know found out Generalization according to the textbook p.68 - Looking at the second column of the table, try to formulate a learning task. And now let's turn to the textbook (p. 68) Let's look at adjectives. Think about what will serve as a source of information? (textbook, own observations, Internet, etc.) - Let's turn to the textbook for help. The stage of understanding. Frontal work. (p.68, exercise 1) (written comment) - Try to read the text without adjectives. (ORAL) Output: What part of speech is the adjective associated with? - Meaning of adjectives? (accuracy of use in speech) (the 3rd column of the table is filled in) PHYSMINUTKA (kinesiology techniques) Work in groups. 1 group. Exercise 2 (p. 69) (Instruction: select groups of adjectives by meaning: color, size, material). 2nd group. Exercise 2 (p. 69) (Instruction: select groups of adjectives by meaning: time, belonging to someone). 3.4 groups. Exercise 3 (p. 69) Group 5 (a group of children with a high level of creativity) - You will work as fashion designers. (Children are given clothing models and instructions). (Instruction. View clothes. Try to create a winter or summer collection. Describe the completed model using adjectives only. Report of all groups on the work done.) Reflection . - What groups of adjectives can be distinguished by meaning? What is the role of adjectives in speech? What part of speech is the adjective associated with? (WORK IN TABLE) I know I want to know found out The adjective is an independent part of speech. Indicates the attribute of an object. Answers questions what? which? which? which? What part of speech is associated with? What groups is it divided into? What is the role of adjectives in speech? The adjective is related to the noun. Learn more What is cardinal number in math Easy math problems for 1st graders Social interactions children Mathematics first graders What is goldilocks and the three bears about How to learn vocabulary Letter sound games for preschool People on the bus go up and down Word that rhyme with say Baby bedtime book Best reading comprehension strategies