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Lower and upper case letter


What Are Lowercase, Uppercase Letters?

Lowercase letter definition: Lowercase letters are all other letters not in uppercase.

Uppercase letter definition: Uppercase letters are letters that represent the beginning of a sentence or a proper noun.

What are Lowercase Letters?

In writing, most letters are lowercase. Lowercase letters are all letters that do not begin a sentence or refer to a proper noun.

English alphabet lowercase letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z.

Examples of Lowercase Letters:

  • word
  • The word above uses only lowercase letters.
  • The sentence above has lowercase letters after the first letter of the sentence.
  • This sentence and the one directly above have all lowercase letters except for the “T.”

What are Uppercase Letters?

Uppercase letters are also known as capital letters. Uppercase letters signal to the reader that something is important or significant.

English alphabet uppercase letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.

Examples of Uppercase Letters:

  • Jones
    • This is a proper name, so the first letter of the title and the last name are capitalized
  • Main Street
    • This is a proper noun so the first letter of each word is capitalized

When to Use Uppercase Letters

In English, the first letter of every sentence is capitalized. The uppercase letter signals to the reader that a new sentence is beginning.

Other uses of uppercase letters are detailed below.

Titles

All titles are considered proper nouns and require capitalization.

Examples:

  • Miss Mabry
    • Incorrect: miss mabry
  • Mathers
    • Incorrect: mr. mathers
  • Madam Lockfield
    • Incorrect: madam lockfield
  • Lady Grace
    • Incorrect: lady grace
  • Janks
    • Incorect: mrs. janks

Acronyms

Acronyms are a type of abbreviation. Acronyms are words formed from other letters to make a new word. However, they require capital letters to signal to the reader that those letters stand for something and are not a word alone.

Examples:

  • NATO
    • North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • UNICEF
    • United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
  • SCUBA
    • Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

All Proper Nouns

All proper nouns need to be capitalized.

Examples:

  • We visited the Bowers Museum on Saturday.
    • Incorrect: We visited the bowers museum on Saturday.
  • I would like to tour the Eiffel Tower.
    • Incorrect: I would like to tour the eiffel tower.
  • Their names are Jake and Suzy.
    • Incorrect: Their names are jake and suzy.

When to Use Lowercase Letters

Use lowercase letters for all letters other than the first in a sentence, provided that there is no required use for uppercase letters in the sentence.

Examples:

  • Every word in this sentence other than the first word is written in lowercase.
  • The only words in this sentence that require uppercase letters are the proper nouns, London and Paris.

All nouns that are not proper nouns are called common nouns. All common nouns use lowercase letters (unless a common noun begins a sentence).

Examples:

  • tree
  • dog
  • bird
  • water
  • air
  • star
  • street
  • girl
  • baby

Summary

Define lowercase letters: lowercase letters are those letters used for common nouns and internal words.

Define uppercase letters: uppercase letters (also called capital letters) are those letters that signify the beginning of a sentence or a proper noun.

In summary,

  • Uppercase and lowercase letters refer to all letters used to compose the English language.
  • Uppercase letters are used to begin sentences and are also used for proper nouns.
  • Lowercase letters are all letters that do not begin sentences.

Contents

  • 1 What are Lowercase Letters?
  • 2 What are Uppercase Letters?
  • 3 When to Use Uppercase Letters
    • 3.1 Titles
    • 3.2 Acronyms
    • 3.3 All Proper Nouns
  • 4 When to Use Lowercase Letters
  • 5 Summary

Convert Case | Convert upper case to lower case, lower case to upper case and more!

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Simply enter your text and choose the case you want to convert it to.

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A very handy online text tool where you can change between lower case and upper case letters, where you can capitalize, uncapitalize, convert to mix case and transform your text. Explore the options below:

Sentence Case

The sentence case converter will allow you to paste any text you’d like, and it will automatically transform it to a fully formed structured sentence.

It works by capitalizing the very first letter in each sentence, and will then go on to transform the rest of the text into lowercase as well as converting i’s into I’s. Every letter after a full stop will get converted into an upper case letter.

Note: it won’t, however, capitalize names or places.

This is an example of sentence case.

Lower Case

If you are wondering how to uncapitalize text, this is exactly what the lower case text converter will allow you to do - it transforms all the letters in your text into lowercase letters. Simply copy the text that you need generating into lower case and paste the text into the box above and select the ‘lower case’ tab.

this is an example of lower case.

Upper Case

The upper case transformer will take any text that you have and will generate all the letters into upper case ones. It will essentially make all lower case letters into CAPITALS (as well as keep upper case letters as upper case letters).

To do this, you simply have to select the text that you need changing and pasting into the box above and then select the UPPER CASE tab.

THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF UPPER CASE.

Capitalized Case

The capitalized case converter will automatically convert the starting letter of every word into an upper case and will leave the remaining letters as lower case ones.

Simply copy the content that you will like to generate into this format, then paste into the box form above and select the Capitalized Case tab.

This Is An Example Of Capitalized Case.

Alternating Case

The alternating case converter will allow you to transform your text (no matter the current format) into text that alternates between lower case and upper case. It will generate a capital letter and then a lower case letter within the same word.

tHiS Is aN ExAmPlE Of aLtErNaTiNg cAsE.

Title Case

The title case converter is perfect for those who are a bit unsure on how to title an upcoming essay. It essentially ensures the correct letters are capitalized within the context of a title. Words such as “an” will be left all in lower case and words that are important will be converted such as “Title”.

This Is an Example of Title Case.

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Strikethrough Text Generator

If you want a quick way of crossing out your text, this is a great tool. Type out the normal text you want to be lined through and you will see it get automatically generated, ready for you to copy and paste.

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Reverse Text Generator

If you want a fast and quick way of making your text go back to front, the reverse text generator is great. Write out your text like normal and then see it get flipped.

.txet sdrawkcab fo ecnetnes elpmaxe na si sihT

Upside down Text Generator

Similar to the mirror text generator as wella s the reverse text generator, you can flip your text upside down as well as back to front with the upside down text generator.

˙ʇxǝʇ uʍop ǝpᴉsdn ɟo ǝldɯɐxǝ uɐ sᴉ sᴉɥ┴

Morse Code Translator

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Binary Code Translator

Translate binary code into English and English into binary code with the following generator. Type out regularly and get a series of 0’s and 1’s in return.

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Bold Text Generator

A quick way to bold your text online. Simply type out the normal text into the tool and see it automatically get converted to the bold versio which you can copy and paste across.

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Italic Text Converter

If you want to italicise your font, this is a great tool. Type out your normal text and see it automatically write on a slant, which you can copy and paste where you want.

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Underline Text Generator

Underline your text online with this underliner tool. Write out or paste across the content you want to be underlined and then you will see it automatically generated underlined - which you can copy and paste across to where you want.

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The mirror text is basically the exact same text that you would get when you have your text facing a mirror. Print out the text and hold it up to a mirror and it should read the correct way.

.ƚxɘƚ ɿoɿɿim ʇo ɘlqmɒxɘ nɒ ƨi ƨiʜT

Unicode Text Converter

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Zalgo Glitch Text Generator

Want to produce funky and glitchy text? `This Zalgo text will do just that. Type out what you would normally want to and then see it get turned into the Zalgo font.

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Uppercase and lowercase letters: usage, rules, examples

Is a capital letter large or small? If you can not immediately answer this question, then read the article. In it, we will see what an uppercase letter means and how it differs from a lowercase letter. And also we will analyze the rules of lowercase and uppercase letters and give understandable examples.

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What do uppercase and lowercase letters mean

What are lowercase and uppercase letters? The examples are not always clear, so let's start with definitions:

Capital or uppercase letters are graphic characters used in writing that are larger than line boundaries. They are also called the big ones.

A lowercase letters are graphic characters that do not exceed the size of a line in writing. They are also called small letters.

The very name "capital letters" arose in Russian from the verb "prescribe". In ancient texts there were no capital letters, all words were written from lowercase. And only at the beginning of the chapters, the first letter, which was called the “letter letter”, was depicted more than all the others. It was written by hand. Therefore, now capital letters are also called uppercase.

In Russian, every lowercase letter has a capital counterpart. Even "b", "y" and "b", although it is difficult to imagine where they can be used. However, not all experts support this opinion and prefer to consider that the Russian language has 33 lowercase and only 30 capital letters.

Another feature of the Russian language is that the spelling of large and capital letters does not always coincide. So, for example, the letter differs:

  • capital " A " and lowercase " a ";
  • capital " B " and lowercase " b ";
  • capital " D " and lowercase " d ";
  • capital " E " and lowercase " e " and some others.

Uppercase and lowercase letters in different languages ​​

Capital letters are used in many languages ​​of the Indo-European family: Greek, Slavonic, Germanic and Romance.

What does the capital letter mean in these languages? It can mean the beginning of a new phrase, a proper name, a geographical name, and much more. Below we will analyze in detail in which cases a capital letter is written.

However, not all language systems can observe the use of capital letters. Hebrew, Arabic, Indian, Thai and other languages ​​use only lowercase alphabetic characters.

There were no capital letters in the Glagolitic alphabet, the first Russian written language. Capital letters firmly came into use only in the 18th century and all thanks to the great reformer Peter I. He not only brought reforms to Russia, but also introduced a civil typeface that contained both small and large letters.

There are many words in Hebrew that are spelled the same but read differently and have different meanings. For example, the word "דוד" can sound like "dod" and mean "uncle" , as "dud" - "bak" and as "David" - a male name. How do the Israelis understand where is the meaning? Exceptional context.

Uppercase and lowercase letters: spelling rules

Let's see what rules to follow when using uppercase and lowercase letters in Russian. And to make it easier to remember, let's give examples of uppercase and lowercase letters in words.

Capital letter at the beginning of a sentence

The basic rule is: always write a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence.

Example: It is not difficult to make a term paper. It is necessary to choose a topic, write the text and check for errors. Pay special attention to words with -Н- and -НН-, conjugation of verbs and spelling of particles "not" and "neither" with different parts of speech.

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It is customary to capitalize not only the first word in standard sentences, but also every new line in poetry. This rule works even when the author didn't finish the sentence:

Night, street, lamp, pharmacy,

Meaningless and dim light.

Live at least another quarter of a century -

Everything will be like this. There is no exit.

If you die, you start over again

And everything will repeat, as of old:

Night, ice ripples of the channel,

Pharmacy, street, lamp.

Alexander Blok

Capital letter in proper names

Another rule that always works: capital letters are written in proper names. It remains to figure out what applies to them.

Proper names are the names of objects or phenomena that are unique and stand out from the general mass of homogeneous concepts.

On the contrary, common names are names that apply to entire groups of similar objects. Such nouns always begin with lowercase letters.

Earth with a capital letter is a planet, and with a small one - a common name

Let's look at specific cases when a capital letter is written in proper names. And also remember the exceptions, without which it is impossible to imagine the Russian language:

Rule Example Exception
Surnames, first names and patronymics of people Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Pushkin, Mashenka, Marina Ivanovna. If proper names are used as a common noun, they are written with a lower case: Pikapers are modern don Juans and womanizers.
In pseudonyms, nicknames and nicknames Maxim Gorky, Bolbes and Experienced. If nicknames are used for a whole group of people: Why are balls dangerous for society?
Animal names Dolly the sheep, Barbos the dog, Murka the cat. If the nickname is used as a common name for the group: In the morning, any watchdog barks just like that.
In the names of fairy-tale characters Princess Nesmeyana Mermaid, Puss in Boots.
In the names of gods Jesus, Allah, Mara, Poseidon, Osiris, Quetzalcoatl. The word itself "god" can be written with both capital and lowercase letters. In church texts, they often write with a capital letter, but in popular literature - with a small letter.
In religious names Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Holy Scripture, Koran, Mother of God, Wailing Wall.
Place names Arctic Ocean, Kilimanjaro, New York, Serpukhovo.
In street and avenue names Alexander Nevsky Square, Tsvetochnaya Street, Raduzhny Lane.
In the names of astronomical bodies and objects Planet Venus, satellite of Jupiter, Halley's comet, Milky Way galaxy. If this is not an astronomical object, but a homonym: planet Earth and native land.
In the names of historical eras and events The Renaissance, the October Revolution, the War of the Scarlet and White Roses.
In the names of holidays Walpurgis Night, Independence Day, Victory Day, First of May, but May 1st. If this is the date of the holiday, then it is written with a small one: New Year is celebrated on December 31st.
In the names of awards Title of Hero of Russia, Order of the Legion of Honor, but Order of the Red Star.
In legal official names of companies and brands that are quoted Suzuki Auto Concern, Gorbunov's Bureau Creative Agency, Orlovsky Park Hotel. The name is not quoted if it is written in Latin letters: Hilton hotel, Pixies creative agency, BMW concern.
In the names of organizations and institutions Federation Council, United Nations, European Union.
In unique titles and positions President of the Russian Federation, Prime Minister. All other positions are written with a small one: NATO Secretary General, EU Minister, Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Abbreviated CIS, IAEA, UN, PE, MIA, USA. Some abbreviations are always written with a small letter: university, college, dot, bunker, bum, interim, spa.
In the titles of scientific articles, literary titles and other works The novel "War and Peace", the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower", the article "Why sleep should be a priority for every student".

What are capital letters in street names? Examples may vary depending on the literary norm. So, in the names Chistye Prudy, Kuznetsky Most, Nikitsky Gates , only the first word was capitalized. Now the norm has changed and both words are capitalized: Chistye Prudy, Kuznetsky Most, Nikitsky Gates . If in doubt about spelling, refer to dictionaries.

Capital letter in adjectives

There are several cases in which adjectives are written with a capital letter, and they also need to be remembered:

  1. If the adjective expresses belonging to a specific person. For example, Misha's shirt, Vanka's stories.
  2. If the adjective refers to the memory of a famous person. For example, Pushkin Evenings, Spring Tolstoy Readings.

If the expression has become a common noun, then it is written with a lowercase letter: Sisyphean labor, Turgenev young ladies, oatmeal porridge.

Capital letter after colon

What other words are capitalized? Those with which direct speech begins. In the text, this is formalized as follows:

  • the words of the author come first;
  • then put a colon;
  • in quotation marks write the words of direct speech.

Example: Ivanov sighed and said to the teacher: “You shouldn’t want to expel me for absenteeism, but I can refund my record book and student card.”

A special case: with what letter to write the appeal "YOU"

In official documents, letters and business correspondence, the appeal "YOU" and its derivatives are often written with a capital letter. It is believed that this form shows maximum respect for the interlocutor.

In letters to a respected person, it is appropriate to write "You"

However, the rules of the Russian language do not impose strict norms. They recommend using "you" only if the author intentionally wants to emphasize his special relationship to a particular person. But if he addresses a group of people, then writing “You” with a big one is definitely not worth it. This will be a mistake.

Example: Petr Sergeevich, we wish you a Happy New Year and good health! Dear Anna and Vasily, we send you greetings and best wishes!

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Now you know all the rules for uppercase and lowercase letters. It remains to actively use the knowledge in practice in order to consolidate it. And if you need help in writing any kind of work, feel free to contact the student service.

Difference between uppercase and lowercase letters with visual examples

Many Internet users, as well as those who study Russian, face a misunderstanding of the difference between writing words with capital or small letters. And if some are guided at least by where the word is located in the sentence, then in the case when the author of the text is given the task of writing with a lowercase letter or with an uppercase letter, then, as a rule, he has difficulties.

Most people associate the word “uppercase” with small letters, which allow you to “write” your thoughts in the text. However, these are incorrect associations. Capital letters are capital or upper case. You can remember this if you remember the expression "common truths", that is, the approved rules for correct spelling.

Based on the above, it should be concluded that:

uppercase letters are those that are called uppercase or capital letters.

Words are written in capital letters

1 — Names, patronymics, surnames (including double names and surnames with hyphens), pseudonyms, nicknames are written in capital letters.

  • Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Antosha Chekhonte, Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko.

2 - the name of the settlement, river, planet.

3 - Proper names used in the meaning of common nouns are written with a capital letter if they have not lost the sign of individuality.

  • “We are all looking at Napoleons…” (A. Pushkin).

- names of animals are written.

  • - Sharik, Muska, Chara, Pug.

4 - names of characters, expressed by common names, in fables, fairy tales, dramatic and some other works.

  • Uzh, Falcon, Fox.

5 - mythological creatures and deities.

  • Mars, Zeus, Juno.

6 — Adjectives formed from proper names, animals, mythological creatures with the help of suffixes —ov—(—ev—), —in—, are written with a capital letter.

  • Platonic writings, Varin's house, Murka's kittens, Zeus's wrath.

7 - Adjectives formed from proper names that have the meaning of "name of such and such", "memory of such and such", then are written with a capital letter.

  • Pushkin Readings, Nobel Prize.

8 - official and unofficial names of states, republics and other territorial units.

  • Russia, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Trans-Urals, Republic of Mordovia.

9 - geographical names, including hyphenated spelling.

  • Europe, Alps, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volga, Orekhovo-Zuevo.

10 - function words in the middle of the name.

  • Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt am Main, Rio de Janeiro.

11 - If such service words are at the beginning of the name, then they are written with a capital letter.

  • Las Vegas, etc.

12 Common nouns used in geographical names in the meaning of their own, can be written with both uppercase and lowercase letters.

  • Belaya Tserkov, Yasnaya Polyana;
  • Zemlyanoy Val, Kuznetsky Most, Pokrovsky Gates.

13 - astronomical names.

  • Earth, Sun, Ursa Minor, Milky Way.

14 - the names of the highest government agencies and organizations are written, as well as the names of some international organizations.

  • Federation Council, Constitutional Court, State Duma, Federal Assembly, United Nations Organization, Council of Europe.

15 - the names of the highest state positions and the highest honorary titles.

  • President of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Hero of the Russian Federation.

16 - the names of the most important church organizations and institutions.

  • Russian Orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate.

17 - official titles of senior religious officials (except official words and pronouns).

  • Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Pope of Rome

18 - names of cult books.

  • Bible, Gospel, New Testament, Psalter, Koran.

19 - the first word in the complex names of ministries, scientific institutions, higher educational institutions, industrial and commercial organizations that do not have a single character.

  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Moscow State Regional University, Book House, Kama Automobile Plant.

20 are common abbreviations.

  • Bolshoi Theater (cf.: State Academic Bolshoi Theatre), Tretyakov Gallery (cf.: State Tretyakov Gallery).

21-If prepositions, particles that are part of foreign names and surnames, word-formation units have merged with surnames, given names, then they are written with a capital letter.

  • Don Quixote, Van Gogh.
  • words - The words God, Allah are written with a capital letter

22 - at the beginning of direct speech;

23 - at the beginning of the quote;

To understand the difference between lowercase and uppercase letters, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the word "lowercase". The first thing that comes to mind is that the letters are in a line. That is, they are small, of which the whole sentence consists.

So

small letters are called lowercase,

Words are written with lowercase

1 — Adjectives formed from proper names with the suffix —sk-.

  • Pushkin's prose, Lermontov's traditions.

2 - Proper names that have lost their sign - become common nouns.

  • napoleon (cake), don juan, amp.

3 — Adjectives in phraseological units are written with a lowercase letter.

  • Demyanov's ear, Filkin's diploma, etc.

4 — The words planet, constellation, nebula, comet are written in astronomical names with a lowercase letter.

  • Andromeda Nebula, planet Earth, constellation Scorpio.

5 - The names of other positions, academic degrees, honorary titles, etc. are written with a lowercase letter.

  • Doctor of Philosophy, Corresponding Member, etc.

6 - Generic terms in the names of churches, icons are written with a lowercase letter.

  • Trinity-Sergius Lavra, icon of the Mother of God of the Don, Notre Dame Cathedral.

7- write the names of plants formed from proper names.

  • Ivan da Marya, daisy.

8 - prepositions, particles that are part of foreign names and surnames are written, namely: van, yes, de, der, di, le, la, of, background, ed, el.

  • Antoine de Saint-Exupery, von Bismarck.

9 - the words bey, zade, ogly, pasha, etc. are written in eastern names and surnames.

10 - names of church services.

  • Liturgy, Vespers, Matins, Vespers, etc.

11 - in set phrases in words.

  • for God's sake, God knows what, my God, etc.

12 - after the first and subsequent words of the sentence;

13 decimal point;

14 after semicolon;

15 after an ellipsis in one phrase.

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