What are dra levels

Understanding Your Child's DRA Reading Level

The Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA) is an individually administered assessment of a child’s reading capabilities. It is a tool to be used by instructors to identify a students reading level, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension. Once levels are identified, an instructor can use this information for instructional planning purposes.

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DRA Testing
The DRA test is traditionally administered on an annual or semi-annual basis. The test measures nine categories of reading behavior and six types of errors. It was developed in 1986 (and revised in both 2000 and 2003) by a committee of educators and is intended to evaluate certain aspects of your child’s reading level.

How DRA Levels and Testing Work Together
Tasks measured by the DRA test are divided into several skill sets. Rhyming, alliteration, segmentation, and phonemic awareness are tested in the phonemic awareness section. Letter naming, word-list reading, spelling, decoding, analogies, structural analysis, and syllabication are tested in the alphabetic principle/phonics portions. Oral reading fluency or words per minute for contextual reading are tested under fluency. Vocabulary, comprehension, and reading engagement skills are also measured in the test.

After the test is evaluated and scored, your child is assigned a numeric (or alphanumeric for very early readers) DRA level A1 through 80. Children with stronger reading abilities yield higher numbers. Teachers are easily able to give children books they can read by choosing a text with the corresponding DRA level.

How to Find Books on Your Child’s Level
Once your teacher gives you your child’s level, you can search for books at a particular DRA level on Scholastic’s Book Wizard. By providing your child with books on his level at home, you are ensuring reading advancement and success with materials that will not cause your child stress or discouragement.

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How to 'Read' Your Child's Reading Scores

Is your child a G or an L? A 13 or a 24? As a second grader, is a DRA 32 a good reading score?

In most schools, and especially around report card time, kids come home with reports that detail a child's reading level. Oftentimes, these reports make little sense to parents. While most kids make terrific progress during the school year, parents sometimes struggle to make the same progress in interpreting reading scores and different leveling systems.

Most schools use one of three major leveling systems to define a child's reading level: Guided Reading, Reading Recovery, and Developmental Reading Assessment. Although some variations exist, the procedure for determining a child's reading score follows a sequence. First, a teacher (or school) chooses a benchmark book for a grading period. Then, each child sits one-on-one with a teacher and reads that book. The teacher reads along with a child and keeps track of the child's reading accuracy. After the story is read, teachers typically ask for a retelling of the book, or may ask some comprehension questions. With each assessment, a teacher is trying to find the level at which a child can read with 90 to 95% accuracy with good comprehension. That is considered your child's instructional reading level.

Here's a little about each leveling system, and a chart that shows you how they relate to each other and to a grade level assignment.

Guided Reading levels

This leveling system is based on the understanding that good teachers carefully match a reader with a book. Based on several characteristics of a book, such as text length, and vocabulary, books are assigned a Guided Reading letter. There are 26 levels, identified by letters A-Z (A being the easiest), and each book level has its own characteristics. If your child is "reading on a Level G," for example, he or she is able to read books with several events and a variety of characters. Sentences are longer than in previous levels, and the book may contain more difficult high-frequency words.

Reading Recovery

This leveling system is based on Reading Recovery, a one-on-one intervention program designed for low achieving first graders. Books used within this intervention program are grouped by characteristics and range from 1-50 (1 being the easiest). As with Guided Reading, books within a certain level share similar features. If your child is, "reading on a Level 2," he or she is able to follow a pattern within a book after it has been introduced by the teacher.

Developmental Reading Assessment

The Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA) is a series of leveled books and recording sheets designed to allow teachers to determine students' reading accuracy, fluency, and comprehension levels. Texts range from A-80 (A being the easiest). In most schools, teachers collect DRA information at the end of each grading period to determine student progress. Students are determined to be near, at, or above grade level, below grade level, or significantly below grade level based on their performance.

As a parent, it's important to understand the leveling system used at your school and how your child is doing toward meeting grade level expectations. Keep track of those letters and numbers being sent home, and if you don't see progress in your child's reading level, make an appointment to sit down with the teacher.

Example WDM driver layers - Windows drivers

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Article
09/24/2022
Reading takes 2 minutes

This section describes a possible set of WDM drivers for USB hardware to demonstrate WDM driver levels. nine0003

The following figure shows an example PnP hardware configuration for a USB joystick.

In this illustration, a USB joystick is connected to a port on a USB hub. The USB hub in this example is on the USB host controller board and connects to one port on the USB host controller board. The USB host controller connects to the PCI bus. From a PnP perspective, the USB hub, USB host controller, and PCI bus are all bus devices because they provide ports. The joystick is not a bus device. nine0003

The following figure shows an example set of drivers that can be loaded for the USB joystick hardware in the previous figure.

Starting from the bottom of the previous figure, the drivers in the sample stack include:

The PCI driver that controls the PCI bus. This is a PnP bus driver. The PCI bus driver is provided by Microsoft.
The bus driver for the USB host controller is implemented as a pair of class and mini class drivers. The USB controller class and mini class drivers are provided by Microsoft. nine0003
USB hub bus driver that controls the USB hub. The USB hub driver is provided by Microsoft.
Three drivers for joystick device; one of them is a pair of classes and mini-classes.

The function driver, the main driver for the joystick device, is a pair of HID/HID USB miniclass class drivers. (HID stands for "User Interface Device".) The HID USB mini-class driver supports the semantics of HID USB devices using the HID class driver DLL for generic HID support. nine0003
A function driver may be a specific device or, as with HID, a function driver may serve a group of devices. In this example, the HID/HID class driver USB miniclass driver pair serves any HID compliant device in the system on the USB bus. A pair of HID/HID 1394 miniclass drivers will serve any HID compliant device on the 1394 bus.

The feature driver may be written by the device vendor or by Microsoft. In this example, the function driver (a pair of HID or HID USB drivers) is written by Microsoft. nine0003
In this example, there are two filter drivers for the joystick device: a top-level class filter that adds a macro button function, and a lower-level device filter that allows the joystick to emulate a mouse device.

The high level filter is written by the person who needs to filter the I/O joystick and the low level filter driver is written by the joystick vendor.
Kernel and user mode HID clients and application are not drivers but are displayed for completeness. nine0003

Types of WDM drivers - Windows drivers

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Article
09/29/2022
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There are three types of WDM drivers: bus drivers, function drivers, and filter drivers.

The bus driver controls a single I/O bus device and provides per-slot device-independent functionality. Bus drivers also detect and report on child devices connected to the bus. nine0006
The function driver controls a single device.
The filter driver filters I/O requests for a device, device class, or bus.

In this context, a bus is any device to which other physical, logical, or virtual devices are connected; the bus includes traditional buses such as SCSI and PCI, as well as parallel, serial, and i8042 ports.

It is important for driver developers to understand the different kinds of WDM drivers and to know which driver they are writing. For example, whether a driver handles each Plug and Play IRP and how such IRPs are handled depends on what type of driver is being written (bus driver, function driver, or filter driver). nine0003

The following figure shows the relationship between bus driver, function driver, and device filter drivers.

Each device typically has a bus driver for the parent I/O bus, a function driver for the device, and zero or more filter drivers for the device. Driver designs that require a large number of filter drivers do not provide optimal performance.

The drivers in the previous figure are shown below. nine0003

The bus driver serves the bus controller, adapter or bridge. Bus drivers are mandatory drivers; There is one bus driver for each type of bus on the computer. Microsoft provides bus drivers for most common buses. IHV and OEMs may provide other bus drivers.
The bus filter driver typically adds a value to the bus and is provided by Microsoft or the system's OEM. There can be any number of bus filter drivers for a bus. nine0003
low-level filter drivers typically change the behavior of a device's hardware. They are optional and are usually provided by IHV. There can be any number of low-level filter drivers for a device.
Function driver is the main driver for the device. The feature driver is usually written by the device vendor and is required (unless the device is used in raw mode ).
top-level filter drivers typically provide additional functionality to the device. They are optional and are usually provided by IHV.

The following sections detail the three common types of WDM drivers: bus drivers, function drivers, and filter drivers. Also included is an example layered WDM driver layer using USB driver examples.