Words start with short a sound

Though the odor of your poems is strong,
But the general oblivion is their fate.

Of course, both with onomatopoeia and with the game of rhymes, the poem must be constructed in such a way that the connection in rhymes is interesting, and the meaning can be comical.

Often poets create verses of the so-called enigmatic form : acrostic, mesostich, tautogram and others.

In acrostic , the riddle of the writer is solved by reading the words from the first letters of the poetic lines.

In mesosich the letters that make up the "mysterious" word are lined up in the middle of the poem.

In tautogram (another name is anaphora), all words begin with the same letter:

Lazy years are easy to caress,
I love purple meadows,
I catch the Levkoys glee,
I catch fragile legends.
Radiant linen lovingly sculpts
Azure caressing forests.
I love crafty lilies babble,
Flying incense petals.
V. Smirensky

The poets manage to compose verses containing a sequence of words, the initial letters of which make up the alphabet, or verses devoid of any particular letter or several letters.

The listed techniques are poetic tricks. However, there are more complex poetic tricks, where the whole hidden essence of the poem is based on the special construction of the verse and even the whole poem. Such poetic constructions include hidden verses (crypt verses, or piecewise verses) and palindromes.

The crypt verses (from the Greek "crypto" - I hide) are extremely difficult to perform. These are peculiar mysterious poems, which are an interesting form of poetic cryptography. In them, one must immediately embrace the entire given verse and both of its halves with consciousness. Thought spreads both horizontally and vertically, and care must be taken that, on the whole, its insidious parts are completely invisible at first sight, so that the whole poem has its own integral meaning, and each of its parts, both left and right, would have its own meaning.

Let's illustrate this with an example - read a touching declaration of love:

To keep lovingly "yes" I promised forever...
Can I now live alone in the world?
I will never be a heartless coquette.
Loving you, believe me, is fun to drink to the bottom!

An enthusiastic lucky man in ecstasy rushes to share his joy with a loved one, from whom he has no secrets. But this man is more wise in life: he is a skeptic.

In our fast-paced age, idealism is rare. A skeptic takes a love letter, reads it, wants to congratulate his friend, and suddenly ... something catches his eye. Something strange ... "Wait a minute, wait a minute," he says, and, to the horror of his interlocutor, without changing a word in the poem, reads:

Keep lovingly "yes"
Can I now
I will never
Love you, believe me!
I promised forever
in the world to live alone,
heartless coquette,
fun to drink to the bottom.

The scene is so amazing that we leave it to the amazed reader to depict it.

Another trick form of versification is palindrome . It is a phrase or verse based not on a vertical reading, but on a horizontal one. They are read the same and with the same meaning on both sides; there are two kinds of them.

The first type of palindrome represents verses that, when read as on the left, and right are pronounced the same. This is the so-called letter palindrome. WITH many people know him:

I am glad, giving,
Darya, I'm glad.
D.I.

Unfortunately, not every such palindrome is endowed with a meaning that does not require comments.

The second type of palindrome is more difficult to create, but also more interesting. It is a poem that is read from the beginning and from the end with the preservation of the same meaning, but not by letters, but by words. The first word of the poem will be its last word, the second - the penultimate, the third - the third from the end, etc. Each word of the poem, therefore, must occur twice in it. If we denote the words of the palindrome with the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., then the scheme of a palindrome containing, for example, 8 different words, will be as follows:

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
8 7 6 5
4 3 2 1

Here is a remarkable example of a Latin palindrome presented to Pope Pius I in the 2nd century BC. AD

Laus tua, non tua fraus, virtus, non copia rerum
Scandere te fecit hoc decus eximium.
Eximium decus hoc fecit te scandere rerum
Copia non, virtus, fraus tuf nou, tua laus.

In translation, it means:

"Your feat, not a crime, virtue, not wealth, allows you to rise to this exceptional glory. It is not wealth, but virtue, not a crime, but your feat that allows you to rise to this exceptional glory."

[As you can see, the palindrome fully meets the construction requirements. However, the attentive reader will see in it a possible, albeit hidden, meaning.

Let's try to read its second part, placing punctuation marks in it a little differently:

Eximium decus hoc fecit te scandere rerum
Copia, non virtus, fraus tuf, nou tua laus.

Let's translate the result:

"To this exceptional glory, wealth, and not virtue, your crime, and not your feat, allow you to rise."

What is it? Whether the pope guessed about such a possible metamorphosis of the text, we will probably never know, but it is obvious that the author of this poetic miniature was an inventive person. - Yu.M .]

Through the game of rhymes, you can build any poem. But such verses are also possible, the very essence of which depends on rhymes. These include monorim . In this form, the entire poem is built on one identical rhyme (reeds - breathe - silence - hurry - wilderness, etc.). Beautiful monotonous rhymes, repeated in greater numbers than in the ordinary number habitual for hearing (two or three), can create a truly artistic impression:

Heart rejoicing and tormenting,
Mournfully quiet, melodious
They roar, they roar of monotony ...
That is not thunderous lightning
Red-flame burning...
Not the fires of the seething sea...
Dawns scarlet, burning...
These are flying sparks
Mournfully quiet, melodious
Single flowers - monotones.
Vl. Lebedev

Poems can be composed in the form of well recognizable objects. Such poems belong to subject form poetry . It originated in ancient Rome. And the examples of such poems, in their appearance along the framing contour, corresponded to what was described in them: an ax, an ax, wings, an egg, a goblet, a cross, a palm tree, a tower, a trapezoid, a pyramid.

The "secret" of subject poems lies in the exact distribution of poems of various length, determined by the contours of the chosen form. It is desirable that the content poems went in unison with the purpose or properties of the subject. For example, by about the appearance of this book, its author wrote a joke-prospect in the form of a garden vases. This advertising-joking poem, placed in a "vase", mentions some forms of poetry, which are described in the book (burime, "echo", logogriff etc.):

Poets respond to all phenomena of life with verses and poems of any form and length.

So, often in collections of poems you can find a poem with a sharp thought - epigram . In modern poetry, the word "epigram" denotes a mockingly satirical (sometimes - "poisonous") poem addressed to a certain person. The advantage of epigrams is the brevity of the verse and the accuracy of the "prick". We give examples of epigrams.

Tip

You are cold and empty: winter is in your verses.
To give them heat, warm them in the fireplace.
P. Kozlov

Na Karamzin

In his "History" elegance, simplicity
They prove to us without any partiality
The Necessity of Autocracy
And the charms of the whip.
A. Pushkin

As opposed to the lightness of the epigram, there is a special form of verse devoted to reflection and maxims. This is dwarf , a poem expressing some thought, mainly in the moral field, and consisting of one or more couplets. Examples:

Don't marry a brightly shining beauty:
The torch irresistibly draws moths to itself.
A. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

In the world, always say goodbye to a person, because you don’t know -
It's not the last time you see him in your life.
N.N.

Poets do not disregard both joyful and sad events. In connection with the death and burial of a person in poetry, there is a special form of poetry - epitaph , i.e. an inscription on a monument. Its content is praise for the deceased, reasoning, moralizing, addressing a passerby, etc. Often epitaphs are written from a person buried under a monument. So, at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg there is an old monument, the poem on which begins with the words:

Passerby, you are coming,
But you lie down like me...

There are also humorous epitaphs. At the Okhtensky cemetery there was a monument erected after cholera in the 30s of the 19th century. The epitaph on it was:

I spoke correctly:
Don't eat berries, Ilya.
You didn't listen to me -
I ate all the berries.
So you died, Ilya!
I spoke correctly...

But let's get back to life.

All poetic forms that we have considered require both time and labor for implementation. But there is one form that is created, or at least should be created almost instantly. This is impromptu .

This name is given to poems written immediately on occasion and very quickly, without preparation. Here is a wonderful impromptu of A. Pushkin, indignant at the fact that he was sent to work to conduct the "case of locusts." Piles of government papers could not have clarified this case better, as Pushkin found out with his inherent genius, writing the following on the cover of the "case":

Locust flew, flew
And sat down.
Sat, sat, ate everything
And flew away again.

Let's complete our short digression into the field of entertaining versification with a humorous form of poetic creativity - parody .

Parody is appreciated and loved by both readers and listeners.

The name of the parody comes from the Greek parados - singing inside out. Most likely, parody developed from satirical farces, which were given for the pleasure of the public in Ancient Hellas after the end of serious tragedies and where their content was often ridiculed.

The essence of parody (not to be confused with an epigram! - see above) is that the parodied serious work more or less retains its form, but the content is changed, which is why the thoughts and images of the main work, when applied to the new content, begin to acquire a comic shade. The main purpose of parody, of course, is mockery, although it is good-natured, but often parodies are of great benefit to the authors of serious works, pointing out to them some shortcomings or monotony of methods that they would not have noticed without parody.

For parody, either a well-known author (at least for a given moment) or a well-known (at a given time) work of his is chosen, and the parody must constantly retain the techniques of the work of the parodied author so that he is immediately recognized by the parody, even if when his name is not given. To be offended by a parody is possible only with sick pride. Usually a talented parody glorifies the person being parodied even more and, in any case, cannot offend or humiliate a genuine talent.

Art parody Anna Akhmatova

I will light my last stub,
Unravel the meaning of dreams
And I will send you a terrible gift -
Letters from all my suitors.
After all, one and now with me
Walks in pajamas in the morning,
And another
left yesterday On the boat along the Kama.
E. Gerken

Parody of Vladimir Mayakovsky

Naughty - for me
Eat a fig! -
Parody will not come out,
I'll write it myself.
Or you don't feel,
What is my nature?
Where will you look,
With what torment
Drums and noise
Trousers?
Don't you dare buy anywhere,
Except GUM!
I buy
myself And others recommend
Button for underpants;
Prices published daily
42-18 -
Telephone.
I would like to go to GUM as a clerk,
I would sell all the boxes!
L. Borisov

For a cheerful poet
This book appeared -
New "university"
Light Muses,
Mind games,
Burime,
Laughter
"Echo",
Maidens of Myth
Logogriffa,
Epigrams, charades and jokes
For unoccupied minutes -
Who looks at things strictly, there is a lot of instructive
He will find in this book, dressed in a cloak of fun.

See same issue

Y. MOROZOV - Entertaining versification by N. N. Shulgovsky

English vowels: pronunciation ɜː, ɒ, ɔː - tongue twisters, videos, sound practice

Hello, reader! 🙂 Today we have again prepared for you a whole training for setting the pronunciation of English sounds. In this series of articles (this is already the 3rd one in a row), we will analyze the subtleties of the English phonetic system and find the differences between the sounds of the English language and our Russians.

Today we will analyze the analogues of the /o/ sound in English. Rather, they are just not analogues, but our phonemic hearing plays a cruel joke with us, and we:

1. replace all three English sounds with Russian / o /,
2. we do not see the difference between these 3 sounds and thus change the meanings of some words.

We will build the practice of the sounds of the English language, as before: with the help of training videos, a special set of words, exercises, tongue twisters and a song with a reference pronunciation. Let's go!

Warning: is the British pronunciation used in this article. What exactly are the differences among the Americans, I will indicate below.

Pronunciation of the sound /ɜː/ - long vowels in English

Pronounced in the words girl, nurse, learn, etc. e (m e e) and e (m e l) respectively), while being neither one nor the other.

I would say that you need to take the position of the lips, as for / e /, hold your mouth in this position, but try to pronounce / o /. Reminds ё in the word G ё those . The sound is long.

How the speech apparatus works: the back of the tongue lies flat, the middle part of the tongue is slightly raised, higher than the front and back of the tongue. The tip of the tongue is at the bottom teeth. The edges of the tongue do not touch the upper teeth. The distance between the upper and lower teeth is quite narrow. The lips are tense and stretched, slightly revealing the teeth.

Mistakes in pronunciation of English words in Russian

What are the main mistakes of Russian speakers:

etc.

Advice: you need to give the sound /ɜː/ a hint of the Russian sound /o/. Lip position as for / e /, but pronounce / o /.

2. Complete replacement for the Russian sound /o/, denoted by the letter ё in writing, in words like, worse, sir , etc.

Tip: give the English sound a hint of Russian /e/. The lips should be stretched, the teeth brought together, the tongue should be flat.

And, accordingly, do not round your lips, as for Russian / o /. It is recommended to pronounce / ɜː / with almost the same stretched position of the lips as for the phoneme / i: / => see / si: / - sir / sɜː /, fee / fi: / - fir / fɜ: /, heat / hi: t / - hurt / hɜːt /.

The stretched position of the lips is especially obligatory when pronouncing /ɜː/ after /w/ => we /wi:/ – world /wɜːd/, we /wi:/ – work /wɜːk/, we /wi:/ – worm /wɜːm/ .

Useful article on the topic: The best podcasts in English, or Listen!

3. Also note that the consonant before this vowel does not need to be softened (we wrote about this in detail in the last article). In words like girl, first, bird , etc., the consonants will be hard.

Advice: do not lift the middle back of the tongue towards the hard palate while pronouncing the consonant. First pronounce the hard consonant, and then start pronouncing the vowel.

Examples for English vowels

Got it? Now we turn to the formulation of the correct pronunciation of words in English. We adjust the speech apparatus to the right position and start training:

Worse / WɜːS /

Girl / ɡɜːl /

Firm / Fɜːm /

FIRST / ˈFɜːST /

HURL /

LURK / LɜːK /

Curl / kɜːl/

bird /bɜːd/

world /wɜːld/

word /wɜːd/

sir /sɜː ^R /

Were / Wɜː ^R /

Heard / hɜːd /

Learn / Lɜːn /

Work / Wɜːk /

Third / θɜːd /

Nurse / Nɜːs /

STAR / STM /

Turn / Tɜːn /

Earth / ɜːθ /

Verb / vɜːb /

Pearl / pɜːl /

HURT /

FIR / ˈFɜː ^R /

9000) /pɜːs/

curse /kɜːs/

earl /ɜːl/

her /hɜː ^r /

burn /bɜːn/

Excellent! And now I’ll tell you about the difference in pronunciation performed by an American (I didn’t say it before, so as not to confuse). The American transcription looks like this:

firm - /f ɝ ːm/ (or /fɜrm/ as we have on Lingualeo).

This transcription of the English alphabet / ɝ / denotes a similar sound, but with retroflection, that is, an overtone / r / (follow the link and listen to two pronunciations of the word firm). For more information about the American version, see the video at the link.

In British pronunciation, the /r/ sound can only be heard at the junction of words when the next word begins with a vowel: si r A lec /sɜː r æ lɪk/.

to fix the result will help us with English tongue twisters to vowel sounds:

• R O b O O PS HIS W A LLLET IN SH O PS, T O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 900 o ften dr o ps his w a llet at st o ps.
o lly w a nts to w a tch n o vels o n TV, P0015 a tch h o rrors o n TV.
• Kn o tt and Sh o tt f o ught a duel. Kn o tt w a s sh o t and Sh o tt w a s n o t. It w a s better to be Sh o tt than Kn o tt.

At the end of , a line from the song . By the way, it was not so easy to find an example… This sound is short, and I wanted it to be heard in the song. But singers have the right to stretch even short sounds 🙂 Therefore, we take as an example a rather fast and rhythmic song "13 Little Dolls" by the British singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor.

Fight them hard then keep them safe
Those 13 little d o lls
One for each mood o f the day
Those 13 little d O LLS
CR O SS Youart and Try to Sleep
LEMAMOMO
, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3 8, 910, 11, 12, 13 Little D O LLS

Sound / ɔː / - pronunciation of vowels in English

Sound / ɔː / pronounced in words horse, Wall, Law 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222IULE et al.

The sound is similar in articulation to the previous /ɒ/ - the tongue moves back and down, BUT the back of the tongue is raised to half the distance (and in the previous sound the root of the tongue is relaxed), so in this sound you feel like " closes" opening at the throat. The lips are drawn into a small hole, as if you are planning to kiss someone. The sound is long.

That is, in fact, we pronounce a very, very deep sound /o/, but the position of the lips, as for the sound /u/.

Understanding the difference between these sounds is also important because changing the sound can change the meaning of the word: pɒt/ (pot) - port /pɔːt/ (port)

wad /wɒd/ (pack of something - banknotes, chewing gum) - ward /wɔːd/ (hospital ward)

The correct pronunciation of words in English

I hope you managed to catch the articulation of this sound. We move on to training in the words:

or /ɔː ^R /

All /ɔːl /

North /Nɔːɔː /

LAW /Lɔː /

Ball /Bɔːl /

Small /

STORE /STAH ^r /

horse /hɔːs/

saw /sɔː/

bought /bɔːt/

draw /drɔː/

walk /wɔːk/

CLAW / KLɔː /

TALK / TɔːK /

FUR / Fɔː ^R /

Door / Dɔː ^R /

BOOARD / BɔːD /

LIRD / LED /

FAUGHT / FAM

Call / Kɔːl /

COURSE / KɔːS /

Floor / FLɔː ^R /

WARM / Wɔːm /

CHALK / TʃɔːK /

FOWRTH / FAC ɔːl/

wall /wɔːl/

more /mɔː ^r /

thought /θɔːt/

nor /nɔː ^r /

court /kɔːt/

brought /brɔːt/

warn /wɔːn/

Now let's move on to tongue twisters:

• A LL P AU L'S D AU GHTERS WERE B O RN in C O RK, A LL W AU AU GHTERS WEREERE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B GH Yo rk.
• F OU R EXPL O RERS Expl O Re F O RTY W A A LLS, F O RTY O OXPL ON r w a terf a lls.
• D O Ra's D AU GHTER IS T A Ller spec O Ra's D AU GHTER, N O RAS D GHTER ISS SH RTER RTER RTERA DHEN au ghter.

As a musical example, I propose to take the British band Pink Floyd and the song "Another Brick In The Wall" (or rather, one word from it - wall ).

We don't say goodbye!

There are 44 (!!!) sounds in English.

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