Developmental spelling stages
Spelling: In Depth | Reading Rockets
Learn about the different stages young children go through in developing their spelling skills and how phonetic or "invented" spelling can play an important role in helping children learn how to write.
In this section:
Children advance through identifiable stages in their development as spellers. These stages have been described by several different researchers but all derived from the research of Charles Read and Edmund Henderson in 1971.
Researchers began to understand that learning to spell is not a matter of merely memorizing letter sequences, but of developing and applying linguistic knowledge as well as knowledge of letter-sound relationships and vowel patterns.
Children’s spellings provide a window into their understanding of language, which is informative for understanding their reading as well as their spelling.
High-quality spelling instruction includes building upon a child's word knowledge and enabling them to move from one stage to the next.
Learn the stages of spelling development below.
Precommunicative stage
The child uses letters from the alphabet but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. The child may also lack knowledge of the entire alphabet, the distinction between upper- and lower-case letters, and the left-to-right direction of English orthography (e.g., the letter M used for the word Jessica).
Semiphonetic stage
The child begins to understand letter-sound correspondence — that sounds are assigned to letters. At this stage, the child often employs rudimentary logic, using single letters, for example, to represent words, sounds, and syllables (e.g., U for you).
Phonetic stage
Children use a letter or group of letters to represent every speech sound that they hear in a word. Although some of their choices do not conform to conventional English spelling, their attempts to spell words are systematic and easily understood (e.
g., the letters tak for take and en for in).
Transitional stage
The speller begins to assimilate the conventional alternative for representing sounds, moving from a dependence only or mainly on phonology (sound) for representing words, to evidencing a greater understanding of common letter patterns in words and the structure of words. Some examples of misspelling typical of this stage are egul for eagle and higheked for hiked.
Correct stage
At this stage, spellers know common letter-sound relationships and generalizations (rules) for spelling, as well as how to use morphemic information in spelling. The student understands how to spell many common prefixes and suffixes, silent consonants, alternative spellings, and irregular spellings. A large number of learned words are accumulated, and the speller recognizes incorrect forms. The child's generalizations about spelling and knowledge of exceptions are usually correct.
The progression through each stage is gradual. In samples of student writing, you will often see examples from more than one stage. Also, the fact that children progress through identifiable stages in their spelling does not mean that spelling development is spontaneous and will simply unfold “naturally,” without instruction. To the contrary, direct instruction in spelling is vital and shapes children’s progression through each of the stages.
“Invented” spelling
Invented spelling refers to a child’s use of phonetic spelling strategies in attempting to write unknown words. For example, a young child might spell the word cake as kak or the word garage as guraj.
The use of invented spelling has some important advantages for beginning spellers. First, it allows young children to express their thoughts in writing without become excessively focused on spelling every single word correctly. Also, there is evidence that when children are encouraged to use invented spelling properly — for example, to say an unknown word orally and “stretch” it, listening for and transcribing each sound — the use of invented spelling may help promote important reading-related abilities such as phonemic awareness and phonics skills.
Does "invented" spelling interfere with standard spelling?
If used properly at the beginning stages of spelling development, phonetic or "invented" spelling can play an important role in helping children learn how to write. When children use phonetic spelling, they are applying their growing knowledge of phonemes and letters, and developing their confidence in the alphabetic principle. A child's iz for the conventional is can be celebrated as quite a breakthrough! This kind of error shows us that the child is thinking independently and quite analytically about the sounds of words and the logic of spelling.
However, explicit teaching of conventional spelling from the earliest grades is also very important. Without explicit instruction, most children will not simply infer the correct spelling of all the words they need to learn in order to write well. A thoughtful approach should be used, combining an understanding of invented spelling with formal spelling instruction.
Excerpted from: Lutz, E. (1986). Invented Spelling and Spelling Development. ERIC Digest. Eric Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills.
And adapted from: Burns, Griffin and Snow (1999) Invented Spelling. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory .
Video: Invented Spelling
In a Connecticut suburb, first grade teacher Carol Spinello turns a spelling lesson into something of a game.
Next: Spelling In Practice >
The Stages Of Spelling Development: A Guide For Parents
From scribbled stories to made-up words, a child’s first steps in writing are exciting! But it takes time to become a proficient speller. There are five stages of spelling development your child will progress through as they go from emergent “invented” spelling to accurate “dictionary” spelling.
The Stages Of Spelling Development
Precommunicative Stage
At the precommunicative stage of spelling development, children lack an understanding of letter-sound correspondence.
This means that the relationship between written language (the letters of the alphabet and how they combine to make words) and spoken language (vocabulary your child may already know or will eventually learn) isn’t yet clear to your child.
Your child may show a substantial interest in learning how to read and write, though. They’re probably at the height of their scribbling craze! Their stories and drawings may be full of color, but not so many letters.
The good news: this is a positive first step for children! Even if their scribbling may not be legible to us, it demonstrates that they have an understanding of what writing does — expresses and communicates their ideas.
In that way, even if their drawings and scribblings look similar to us adults, kids at this stage clearly understand the difference between the purposes of the two.
This spelling development stage may even feature some letter-learning. However, kids likely aren’t fully comfortable relating written letters to their respective sounds.
That’s OK! That will happen in the next stage.
Semiphonetic Stage
The semiphonetic stage is true to its name — your child will get their first concrete exposure to phonetic learning during this time.
Initially, they’ll begin with learning how to match written letters to letter sounds. When shown letters of the alphabet, they may be able to pronounce the correct phonetic sound for each letter. For example, if they see the letter “b,” they may say “buh” for the /b/ sound.
As they transition into writing, this phonetic learning will reflect in their sentences. They may even ignore vowels since they aren’t as phonetically predictable as consonant sounds. For example, they may write “i lv u” when writing out a card to family or friends.
This is nothing to worry about. In fact, it’s amazing progress! It shows that your child has a solid grasp of their phonetic letter sounds and understands how to use them in written language.
Irregular words — words that don’t sound the same way they’re spelled — may trip them up at this stage, but they’ll master those in time!
For now, praise your child for their progress.
We know they’re doing a great job and will tackle those pesky silent e’s and -nd blends soon.
Phonetic Stage
The phonetic stage of spelling development is when your child’s letter-sound correspondence learning comes into full bloom, so to speak.
Consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words may become easier for them to learn and read as their foundation in phonetic spelling grows even more concrete.
They may even begin to identify groups of letters that make certain sounds when they speak. These letters are often grouped together and make common sounds in spoken language — examples include -ing, -ly, -er, sh, and so on!
When spelling non-CVC words, kids at this stage may not abide by perfect spelling rules when branching out into those phonetically irregular words. So when they want to describe a “small truck” they may end up writing about a “smol truk.”
Again, these are perfectly normal steps in your child’s ongoing spelling development and something you both should be proud of!
Transitional Stage
With their phonetic instincts strong at this point in their spelling development, your child may have increasing success with memorizing those words that just can’t be sounded out.
Rather than relying on phonology, they may begin to notice visual cues and patterns to assist them with pronunciation and word-learning. Memorization will become a handy tool to add to their arsenal.
They’ll also get some practice with synonyms — this may not be intentional practice, though. During those moments when they aren’t sure how to spell a new word, they may rely on words they’re already comfortable with!
Additionally, your child may demonstrate significant progress with hearing sounds and matching them with letters, especially when attempting to spell a word for the first time. It’s normal for them to run into hiccups. For example, they may spell “surprise” as “suprize.”
Using all of the different learning methods they’ve accumulated over the course of the other stages of spelling development will help get them where they need to go!
Correct Stage
The final stage of spelling development is the correct stage. At this point, your child fully comprehends the basic rules and patterns of English spelling.
They can handle books at their reading level on their own and have a comfortable vocabulary of words that they consistently spell correctly.
More often than not, your child can correctly assume how words are spelled after hearing them read aloud. They know how to tackle silent vowels and consonants, irregularly spelled words, and other tricky spelling tasks.
They also have the power to recognize and correct their own spelling mistakes. With a larger and more advanced vocabulary, kids in this stage are more expressive, more accurate, and more entrenched in reading than ever before!
Activities For Each Stage Of Spelling Development
Precommunicative Stage Spellers
Games that encourage an interest in learning letters and letter-sounds are great for motivating your precommunicative stage speller.
Refrigerator-magnet letters are handy for young children working through this stage. You can play scavenger hunts with them or create “pits” of letters where they try to find the letter that matches the letter sound you make.
They can also “feed” letters to their stuffed animals. You can say, “Mr. Crocodile is hungry for the /k/ sound today!” and assist them with giving the animal all the Ks in their collection.
Alphabet puzzles that focus on letter-sound correspondence, singing the alphabet song, and other singalongs can also set your child up for a fun learning adventure that’s only just beginning!
Keeping lots of paper and crayons around will also encourage them to “write” and “draw” stories. If your child shows you something they just worked on, ask them to tell you about what they wrote.
Semiphonetic Stage Spellers
In this stage, you’ll continue to emphasize letter-sound correspondence activities to assist your child’s phonological skills. You can utilize the activities we mentioned above or explore some other letter-sound correspondence activities!
Phonetic Stage Spellers
Your child’s letter-sound correspondence practice will pay off as they move onto the phonetic stage of spelling.
There are tons of phonics games out there — including plenty on our very own Learn & Grow app — and the most successful ones will reinforce your child’s comfort level with phonetic spelling.
Rhyming games, for example, are an excellent way to sharpen their phonics spelling skills. You can play a “wrong word” game together.
First, you’ll start by thinking of a “rhyming” sound to focus on. For our example, we’ll use the /at/ sound. Next, tell your child three words. The catch is that one of the words doesn’t fit (rhyme) and they need to find the wrong word.
You can say, “cat, bat, and mug.” Then ask your child which word doesn’t fit. They’re sure to burst into a fit of giggles for your silly rhyming mistakes!
You might take a moment to spell out the rhyming sound so your child knows how to spell the sound they’re listening for.
Transitional Stage Spellers
For transitional spellers, the games can be kicked up a notch. You can begin to explore sight word games with your child, as well as test their knowledge of the words they already know!
One idea would be to host a fake spelling bee.
You can go first to showcase how it’s done. You’ll begin to spell a word for your child. If you spell it wrong, they have to yell “WRONG!” and then “steal” your turn by spelling it correctly.
If they spell it correctly, they get a point. If they said you spelled it wrong but you were actually correct, they lose a point.
If your child doesn’t like the pressure of spelling out loud just yet, you can play a game with a ball instead. In this game, you’ll hold up two cards with alternate spellings of the same word.
Your child’s goal is to identify the correct spelling and throw the ball at that card. For every correct answer, they get a point. Don’t forget the grand prize at the end!
Correct Stage Spellers
Once your child reaches the final milestone in the stages of spelling development, you can turn to more challenging games. And there are some classic spelling games that just can’t be beaten.
For our example, we love Scrabble! It’s a celebration of spelling in and of itself! We love it for the opportunities it provides to have a blast while practicing your child’s spelling skills at the same time.
Other great games that help with spelling include Hangman, Boggle, and Bananagrams. The possibilities are endless when it comes to spelling and fun!
Mastering The Stages Of Spelling Development Takes Time
No matter what stage of spelling development your child is currently in, it takes time and patience for them to move through the different stages. But we know with lots of love and encouragement, they’ll get there before you know it.
And for those days you need a little helping hand to work with your child on their spelling development, our HOMER Learn & Grow App is ready to assist! It’s packed with personalized lessons for your child.
They’ll go at their own pace while learning how to spell — all while having a blast!
Author
Conclusion. The main stages in the development of Russian spelling
The main stages in the development of Russian spelling
abstract
The following tasks were set and solved in our work:
1) The history of graphics was studied.
Modern Russian graphics represent a slightly modified graphics of the Old Slavonic language, the so-called Cyrillic alphabet.
From the 10th century Old Slavonic graphics began to be used in Russia when rewriting already existing books and when creating original works of writing. The theory of writing and spelling rules did not exist at that time. Scribes who practically mastered the art of writing were mostly copyists of finished manuscripts. This does not mean that the Old Russian scribes mechanically used the methods of the Old Church Slavonic language. Preserving the techniques of Old Slavonic graphics in Russian writing (in particular, the letters of nasal vowels that did not exist in Russian), Russian scribes adapted it to Russian pronunciation.
In the XII-XIII centuries. Russian writing is increasingly freed from Old Slavonic influence and is gradually turning into an independent system that brings writing closer to living speech.
The development of Russian writing was somewhat delayed by the influence of South Slavic writing, which began at the end of the 16th century, when South Slavic liturgical books appeared in Russia, corrected in accordance with the Greek originals.
The graphics and spelling of these books imparted a certain artificiality to Russian writing, depriving it of its independence and connection with the living language.
Printing, which arose in Russia in the 16th century, played a positive role in establishing a uniform writing system. Printed matter becomes a model for all writers. Until the 16th century Russian scribes wrote one word after another without gaps between them. Separate spelling of words is associated with the development of printing.
At the turn of the first half of the XVIII century. questions of graphics and spelling receive a fundamental formulation. They are associated with the issues of the Russian literary language and acquire social significance.
At the beginning of the 20th century. ever broader public tasks of spelling reform are being identified, and the leadership in solving spelling issues is carried out by the Academy of Sciences.
2) Researched the reform of 1917-1918.
The spelling reform of 1917-1918 consisted in changing a number of rules of Russian spelling, which was most noticeable in the form of the exclusion of several letters from the composition of the Russian alphabet.
The reform reduced the number of spelling rules that had no support in pronunciation. The reform resulted in some savings in writing and typesetting. The reform eliminated pairs of completely homophonic graphemes from the Russian alphabet, bringing the alphabet closer to the real phonological system of the Russian language.
Spelling reform 1917-1918 significantly simplified and facilitated our writing, but did not touch upon many private issues of spelling, which served as a source of discord in the practice of writing. This undermined the general spelling system and caused many difficulties in the work of publishing houses, as well as in school teaching.
3) Considered the reform of Russian spelling in the light of the theory of principles of writing.
The vast majority of linguists and teachers supported the idea that the reform is an undoubted progress and it will lead to simplification and, consequently, to easier spelling.
In the course of spelling discussions at the beginning of the last century, the overwhelming majority of linguists pointed to the inconsistent nature of Russian writing and therefore came out in favor of reforming and simplifying the Russian spelling system.
Three principles: historical (traditional), etymological (morphological) and phonetic - were at the center of the discussion of linguists, but there was no consensus on the definition of the leading principle, this issue remained debatable.
Thus, the purpose of the study has been achieved - we have outlined the main stages in the development of Russian orthography.
1. Periodic adjustment of the rules is natural and quite natural, as it meets the needs of the developing language and the practice of its coverage.
2. Despite the fact that the reform was developed long before the revolution without any political goals by professional linguists, the first steps towards its practical implementation took place after the revolution, and it was actually accepted and implemented by the Bolsheviks.
3. The beginning of the 20th century in Russia is one of the most important stages in the preparation and implementation of the reform of Russian writing, therefore the study of theoretical works of this period is of particular importance, since these works are a source of important linguistic and historical information that reflected changes in Russian spelling .
References
1. Baudouin de Courtenay I.A. On the relation of Russian writing to the Russian language / Prof. I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. - St. Petersburg: Ed. magazine "School Renewal", 1912. - 132 p.
2. Brandt R.F. On the pseudo-scientific nature of our spelling (public lecture) // Philological Notes. Voronezh, 1901. Issue 1-2. pp. 1-50.
3. Budilovich A.S. Academy of Sciences and reform of Russian spelling / A.S. Budilovich. - St. Petersburg: Tipo-lit. V.V. Komarova, 1904. - 43 p.
4. Zhitomirsky K.G. Moloch of the XX century: (Spelling) / K.G. Zhytomyr. - Moscow: Trud, 1915. - 258 p.
5. Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian Literature. - M.: Russian language, 1991 - 84 p.
6. Ivanov V. I. Our language // From the depths. Collection of articles about the Russian revolution. Moscow-Petrograd: "Russian Thought", 1918
7. Ilyin I.A. On Russian spelling // Prof. I. A. Ilyin, "Our tasks". T. 2. Paris, 1956. - 437 p.
8. Kuzmina S.
M. Theory of Russian spelling. Orthography in its relation to phonetics and phonology. M., 1981.
9. Kulman N.K. Methodology of the Russian language. - Petrograd, 1917.
10. Panov M.V. And yet she is good. A story about Russian spelling, its advantages and disadvantages. M., 1964.
11. Panov M.V. Interesting spelling. M., 1984.
12. Panov M.V. Review of proposals for the improvement of Russian spelling. M., 1965.
13. Minutes of the first meeting of the Commission on Russian Spelling, held on April 12, 1904. St. Petersburg, 1905. - 67 p.
main stages of formation and development prospects in the XXI centuryMorozova A.A.
Morozova Alla Alekseevna - Candidate of Philology, Department of Social and Cultural Service and Humanities,
Institute of Technology (branch) Don State Technical University, Volgodonsk
vocabulary on the development of the Russian language at the present stage.
Key words: word, consciousness, language, speech, development of the Russian language, Russian spelling, borrowed vocabulary.
Human consciousness is directly connected with language. Animals have the first signaling system, on the basis of which conditioned reflexes are formed. In humans, the first signaling system is supplemented by a second signaling system - speech, language, a special human concept of interconnection, communication, information transfer.
If we compare the phonetic and gestural ability of an animal to transmit information, then the differential specificity of speech is the processing of symbols (speed of reading, writing) is not hereditary, but acquired in the process of socialization.
The word is in direct relationship with consciousness. If consciousness reflects authenticity, then language designates and determines the main thing in this reflection. The language perfectly harmonizes the impeccable beginning (information) and the way it is transmitted through a material carrier. Improvement of consciousness, enriched with information content, forms speech.
Language is more conservative than consciousness: the same type of linguistic shells (phrases, definitions) have every chance of revealing different content of thought, which, in our opinion, delays its development, giving it a certain compulsion [2].
Regularly replenishing the vocabulary, the individual improves consciousness.
There are currently about seven thousand languages on our planet. The forty most common languages are spoken by about two-thirds of the world's population. Most people speak Chinese, Hindi, English, Spanish, Arabic, Russian. French is also widely spoken, but the number of those who consider it native is not too large.
The Russian language belongs to the group of East Slavic languages, being the national language of the Russian people.
In the 20th century, the Russian language became one of the world (global) languages. The popularization of the Russian language was associated with the functioning of the Russian Empire, then the USSR and the Russian Federation. The position of the Russian language is enshrined in the UN, where it is one of the working languages.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about one hundred and fifty million people spoke Russian. Over the next ninety years, the number of the Russian-speaking population of the earth increased to approximately three hundred and fifty million.
The Russian language has undergone changes in its development since its inception and for many centuries. On January 29 (February 8), 1710, the Petrine reforms ended in Russia, the essence of which was to simplify the composition of the Russian alphabet
by removing unnecessary letters from it (“omega”, “izhitsa”, etc.). The styles were rounded, and the font was called civil [1].
An invaluable contribution to the development of the Russian language was made by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, the author of the Russian Grammar. When studying the Russian language, Lomonosov for the first time applied strict scientific methods, systematizing the materials of his work.
The content of the book is divided into six instructions: about the human word in general, about reading and Russian spelling, about the genders of names and declensions, about conjugation of verbs, about service parts of speech, and, finally, about composing parts of a word [3].
Reform 19 is considered the most significant17-1918 years.
Beginning in 1912, there were articles published in compliance with the new spelling standards. In accordance with the reform, the letters b (yat), 0 (fita), V (izhitsa), i ( 1_ (cyrillic) were excluded from the alphabet, it was proposed to use e, f, i instead. One of the most important, in our opinion, changes,
The issue of simplifying Russian spelling was again raised in our country in 1962 year. The project was widely discussed in the press. However, society is not prepared for a sufficiently qualified discussion, the project as a whole does not receive public approval. Of course, an important role was played by the conservative attitude of many writers to the usual letter, the fear of innovation.
At all stages of development, the language changes, is supplemented with new words and expressions, and this happens, among other things, in connection with the requirements of the time, according to the situation that has formed: when the political system changes, when there is a breakthrough in any field of science, literature, art.
A particularly large number of borrowed words appear in the absence of analogues in the Russian language. New words organically fit into the language of our communication, enriching it and making it more perfect. Many foreign words undergo Russification, i.e. partially modified under the influence of grammatical laws and peculiarities of Russian pronunciation.
The Russian language has always been replenished with borrowed words. Latinisms, Germanisms, borrowings from ancient languages easily flowed into speech without harming national identity.
However, many literary figures and language researchers were concerned about the volume of foreign words that arose in the Russian language, as they feared the "clogging" of the language, which, in their opinion, could cause irreparable harm to the original Russian culture.
At the end of the 90s of the XX century, the Russian language was exposed to a particularly powerful influence of English words in connection with the freedom of speech and the fundamental changes that took place in the socio-political and economic life of Russia.
Foreign vocabulary now permeates all spheres of our existence: political speech has become replete with such unusual words for a Russian person as inauguration, impeachment, electorate. Our speech included the words computer, driver, monitor, pager, file, fax. In the economic field, the main concepts are the words - barter, audit, business, dealer.
The cultural sphere was replenished with the words show, hit, bestseller. In the everyday life of a Russian person, “supermarket”, “photoshop”, “smartphone” have become templates.
Borrowings have always been used in the language, but the intensity of their invasion and distribution was different in different periods.
In the twenties of the XX century, the borrowing of foreign vocabulary was extremely limited and often had an accidental character. At this time, words such as taxi, radio, plant appeared in Russian
. Incommensurably more foreign words have entered the Russian language in the last decade.
At present, we need to treat Russian as a mother tongue, not as a foreign language. To do this, it is necessary to refer as often as possible to the works of Russian folklore, in which there were no foreign words. They present examples of folk wisdom that teach to think.
It is important to realize the original inexhaustibility and beauty of the Russian word. As I.S. Turgenev “Take care of the purity of the language as a shrine! Never use foreign words. The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us” [4].
References
1. Arutyunova E.V. Reform of Russian spelling and punctuation in the 1960s: unknown pages of history // Siberian Philological Journal, 2016. No. 3. P. 5-16.
2. Ganina E.V., Chumakov A.N. Problems of language in the global world. M.: Prospekt, 2016. 208 p.
3. Lomonosov M.V. Russian grammar. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1755. 213 p.
4. Turgenev I.
S. On the richness and expressiveness of the Russian language. Lengiz, 1930. 33 p.
MILITARY TERMINOLOGY IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECT
Yakubov O.A.
Yakubov Oybek Anvarovich - senior teacher of the Persian language, Chirchik Higher Tank Command and Engineering School, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
Annotation: consideration of the correlation of words of the common language and terminology also does not have an unambiguous approach. However, at present, the main criteria for distinguishing between a term and a commonly used word include the following: the presence of special functions in the term, which most often means nominative and / or definitive functions, a special sphere of use of the term, systemicity and general acceptance of the term. Key words: definition, diversity, context, degree.
Despite many years of research by terminologists of the term "term", the definition of this concept in modern linguistics is a debatable issue. Within the framework of this study, the following definition is taken as a basis: “A word or phrase of a special (scientific, technical, etc.
