Is hat a long or short vowel

...before the letter combination ,

, ,
, , :
→ Z e br A [ˈTSEːBʁA] (zebra)
→ J A GD [JAːKT] (hunting (pursuit) ) → K E 9000 E E 9000 E E 9000 E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E 9000 is ] (cookie)

. ..in stressed open syllable:
→ N A ME [ ] (where)

... In a shock closed syllable, which is opened during the prayer:
→ T A G [TAːK] (day) ~ T 9000 GE
→ r o t [ʁoːt] (red) ~ r O TES
→ T U N [Tuːn] (do) ~ T U 9000 9000 9000 6. Brief glazed 900

Sound is a brief ...

... Before a double consonant:
→ P U PP E [ˈpʊpə] (doll)
→ SCHN E LL [ʃnɛl] (fast, fast)
→ H O FF EN [ˈhɔfən] (Hope)

... Before the consonant letter :
→ H E x E [ˈhɛksə] (witch)
→ b o x en [ˈbɔksən] (boxing)
→ A x T [AKST] (Topor) (Tor)

. ..before , , , , , :
→ K O PF [KɔPF] (head)
→ N I CH T [nɪçt] (NO)
→ W A 9000 A 9000 AS [ˈvaʃən] (wash, wash)

... In a closed syllable:
→ U ND [ʊNT] (and)
→ f 9000 I N N N N N N N N N N N N 9003 den [ˈfɪndən] (to find)
→ K A LT [Kalt] (cold, cold)

7. Half -long vowels

Vowel Sound is half -long ...

... In an unsuccessful open syllable:

→ AK K U [ˈAKU] (battery)
→ D I Rekt [Diˈʁɛkt] (directly, direct)
→ PH Y SIK0009 [Fyˈziːk] (physics)
→ D E BATTE [deˈbatə] (debate)
→ AU T 9000 Matisch [Aʊtoˈmaːt]

8. Double consonants

Double consonants in German are always pronounced as single consonants, in contrast to Russian, where they can be lengthened in certain cases.

→ A nn a [ˈana]   (Анна)
→ Ka ss e   [ˈkasə]   (касса)
→ Su mm e   [ˈzʊmə]   (сумма)

9. Voiceless aspirated consonants

In Russian, the consonants <К>, <Т> and <П> are slightly pronounced as [g], [d] and [b]. However, the German counterparts , , and

are pronounced heavily aspirated in most cases.

→ K A K AO [K ʰ AˈK ʰ ə] (Aunt)
→ P A P A [ˈP ʰ AP ʰ A] (pope) 000 9000 9000 9000 10. Stunning voiced consonants

As in Russian, German voiced consonants lose their voicedness in certain cases.

at the end of the word/syllable:
→ GEL D [ɡɛlt] (Money)
→ Tä 9000 G Lich [ˈtɛːklɪç] (daily)
→ A b ga s [ˈapɡaːs] (exhaust gas)

Before a voiceless consonant within a word:
→ ABEN D S [Aːbənts] (in the evenings)
→ O B S T [OːPST] (fruits)
2 T 9003 [ɡəˈvaːkt] (risky, risky)

11. Assimilation of consonants

When consonants occur at the end and at the beginning of a word or syllable, they are likened to the usual tempo of speech. There are two types of assimilation - complete and partial. [aʊˈfiːdɐzeən] (to goodbye)

with partial likening the deafness of the consonant at the end of the word is transferred to the first consonant of the next word, which automatically loses its sonority:
→ Bi S 9000 d Ann [bɪsˈtan] (See you)
→ SEI T G ESTERN [Zaɪtˈkɛstɐn] (since yesterday)
→ A B AMSTAG [APˈSAMSSTAK] (S Subbits)
→ Dan K B EN [DAŋKˈPɛN] (thanks to Ben)

12. LOAKE OF CONSENTIONS

In the Russian language there is a mitigation , eg. in the word "shadow" ([tʲenʲ]). In this regard, soft and hard consonants are distinguished. In German, however, no softening of consonants ever occurs.

→ Ti sch [tɪʃ] (table)
→ LA CHEN [ˈlaχən] (laugh)
→ dü BEL [ˈdyːbəl] (dowel)
→ Hren [ˈKE] sweep)

13. Hard attack

German vowels can be pronounced with increased vocal cords that produce a slight click. It is this so-called hard attack that gives German speech its specific harshness. This sound is pronounced at the beginning of the word/syllable that begins with a vowel.

at the beginning of the word:
→ I N A Sien [ ʔ ɪnˈ Aːziən] 9000 9000 [ʔʊmˈʔaɪns] (per hour)
→ AU ßer O PA [ ʔ AʊSɐˈ ʔ OːPA] (except grandfather) 9000 → VIIL → VIIL [filˈ ʔ ɛŋɐ] (much already/closer)

inside the word:
→ ER I Nnerung [ ʔ ɛɐˈ ʔ ɪnɐʁʊŋ]/[ 9000 ʔ ɐˈ ʔ ɪnɐʁʊŋ] (memory, reminder)
→ The A TER [Teˈ Aːtɐ] (Theater) 9000 - EːT] (poet)
→ Ver EI SEN [Fɛɐˈ ʔ Aɪzən]/[Fɐˈ ʔ Aɪzən] (chone)

0 9000 9000 9000 14.

Strong indentation

In German, short and long vowels attach differently to the consonants that follow them. Long vowels join consonants more smoothly (as in Russian), while short vowels join consonants more abruptly, with the consonant stopping the sound of the vowel. This phenomenon is called "strong indentation" and is explained by the fact that short vowels mostly appear in closed syllables.

→ Schal [ʃaːl] ~ Sch A LL [ʃal] (scarf ~ sound)
→ FETE [ˈFeːtə] ~ F E TTE [ Festival ~ Fat)
→ koma [ˈkoːma] ~ k o mMA [ˈkɔma] (coma ~ comma)
→ hüte [ˈhyːtə] ~ h 9000 (hats ~ hut, hut)

15. Shva

In many languages ​​there are so-called reduced shva sounds. There are two such sounds in German.

The first of these is always displayed with the letter and occurs exclusively in unstressed syllables. As certain unstressed prefixes and suffixes, this letter, at a normal rate of speech, seems to be “swallowed”, as, for example, the first <О> in the Russian word “milk”, i.e., it is practically inaudible. The quality of her pronunciation depends only on the rate of speech:
→ B E Reit [bəˈʁaɪt] (ready, ready)
→ Leb E N [ˈleːbən] (live) → At E m [ˈaːtəm] [ˈaːtəm] (Breath)
→ Ig E L [ˈiːɡəl] (hedgehog)
→ Aug E [ˈaʊgə] (Eye) 9000 E müs E [ɡ*z ] (vegetables)

The second schwa sound in German is the middle of [a], [ɔ] and [ə]. This sound can be displayed either by the letter , or by a combination of letters , namely at the end of a word or syllable. This means that the consonant letter in such cases is vocalized:
→ Fü r [FYːɐ] (for)
→ Wi R [VIːɐ]
→ Natu R [Naˈtu: ɐ] ( Nature)
→ Frisö r [Fiftsiyaˈzuffa] (hairdresser)
→ MUTTE R /MUTT ER [ˈmʊtɐ] (mother) → Ve gessen/v er gessen [fɛɐˈgɛsən]/[fɐˈgɛsən] (forget)

Notes: ► For a better understanding of all the rules, you need to listen to the audio recording ! ► These rules are a general overview and after the first acquaintance do not need to be memorized, because understanding and ability to apply many points comes only in the process of studying and practice . ► The concept of "hard and soft consonants" has 9 in Russian and German0031 are completely different values. German simply means voiceless and voiced consonants, so if a German insists that "the consonant is soft and the consonant is hard", don't be surprised. ► Unlike modern German, to which the rules in this article correspond, before the first stage of the German spelling reform, the consonant letter <ẞ> was most often placed after short vowels. Accordingly, older people still combine it with short vowels, which introduces foreigners learning German into delusion . More information on this topic can be found in the Spelling section. ► Singing - art that does not reflect real speech. Since the German speech itself is less melodic, some of the moments indicated in this article (for example, a hard attack), for a more melodic sound when singing , are excluded.

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►Watch this lesson on YouTube What about vowels? Of course, vowels cannot be voiceless or voiced, but they can be pronounced long or short and form pairs in longitude. Let's see how it works in German!

What are long and short vowels for?

In modern Russian and most Slavic languages, all vowels are pronounced short, and their lengthening may seem strange or even funny to us (for example, in Finnish or Estonian).

Long and short vowels are common in German and English. Their sound is not as noticeable as in the languages ​​​​from the example above, but it is extremely important in conversation and perception of oral speech. The thing is that two words that are completely different in meaning can differ in a single, long or briefly pronounced letter.

For example:

Long and short vowels in German: basic rules

There are a whole bunch of rules on this topic that have one thing in common: it seems incredible to fit them in your head and apply them. Let's try to figure it out so that you remember most of it the first time!

Long and short vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables

Stress/unstress can be used as a basic rule for determining vowel length. Stressed vowels are usually long, unstressed - short. This dependency seems perfect! Actually both long and short vowels can be stressed or unstressed. When determining the length of a vowel, not only the stress is important, but also the openness/closedness of the syllable.

Long and short vowels in open and closed syllables

Depending on which letter the syllable ends with, it can be assigned to one of three categories:

1. Open - end in a vowel (Ma | ma, Pa | pa)
2. Conditionally closed - closed syllables that "open" when the form of the word changes, for example in the plural (Bal | kon - Bal | ko | ne)
3. Closed - end in a consonant (Klas | se, Mund)

Vowels in open and conditionally closed syllables are usually long. In closed - short. To summarize:

• Stressed vowels in open and conditionally closed syllables are long, and unstressed vowels are short.
• Vowels in closed syllables, regardless of stress, are short.

Long vowels in German: when?

In order not to bother with special cases, let's take the rules with the "maximum guarantee". German vowels are always long:

1. When they are doubled: -aa-, -ee-, -oo- (-uu- and -ii- are rare, usually in compound words, double umlauts do not occur at all)
2. Before “mute “H” (such an “H” is not pronounced, but only adds longitude to the vowel)
3. Before ß
4. In letter combinations -ie-, -ieh-
5. In monosyllabic, invariable words ending in “R”
6. Stressed open syllable
7. Stressed conditionally closed syllable

Good news! 4 rules out of 7 are easy to recognize in the text, and the rest after a little training will begin to be used intuitively.

Let's look at examples of how and when long German vowels are pronounced. In the table below, for each word, two Russian transcriptions will be given: correct and incorrect. Having said both, you can in practice compare the sound of words and feel in what situations a long vowel occurs.

Short vowels in German: when?

Long vowels are clear, let's move on to short ones. There are only three basic rules at work here. German vowels are pronounced briefly:

1. In a closed syllable
2. If they are followed by two or more consonants (i.e. before letter combinations like -ch-, -sch-, -ck-, doubled and any other consonants that follow each other) after another)
3. Before the letter “X” - [x] (since “X” is read as [ks], formally this rule can be attributed to the previous one)

Consider short vowels with examples. As in the previous table, each word has one correct and one incorrect transcription.

Long and short vowels in monosyllabic words - a controversial case

In addition to monosyllabic words ending in "R" (with long vowels), there are many other short words in German in which only one consonant follows a vowel. It can be articles, adjectives, nouns and other parts of speech. For example: dem, gut, Lid, Typ.

On the one hand, these are closed syllables, which means that the vowels in them are short. But it's not! There is no need to memorize anything here, you just need to understand that in such words both short and long vowel sounds can occur.

How to pronounce long and short vowels?

There is no secret here! Long vowels are pronounced longer than short vowels. That's why "you're speaking incorrectly because my [a:] is longer than yours" doesn't work here.😎

The pronunciation of long and short vowels depends entirely on the speech apparatus, accent, dialect used, and other little things. Someone likes to "pull" sounds and even short letters sound like long ones. Someone pronounces short vowels so abruptly that long vowels sound like ordinary ones.

In general, as you like. The most important thing is that the difference between long and short sounds can be heard in speech.

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