Phonics letter o

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Phonetic analysis of words from A to Z!

In this article we will learn how to do phonetic analysis of words . We will learn all existing letters and sounds, we will study the basic rules of phonetic or sound-letter parsing of words .
To begin with, it is recommended to watch a video on the topic PHONETICS, it highlights the basic rules and forms an idea of ​​the phonetic analysis of words.

Introductory video about phonetic analysis

There are 10 vowels in the alphabet. These are letters: A, O, U, S, E, I, I, Yo, Yu, E.
But oddly enough there are fewer vowels.
Only 6 vowels: [A], [O], [U], [S], [E] and [I].

Why is that? This is because the vowels I, Yo, Yu, and E do not produce separate vowels.
When I, Yo, Yu, and E come after consonants, they most often give the sounds [A], [O], [U] and [E].
When I, Yo, Yu, and E go at the beginning of words, after vowels, a soft or hard sign, they usually give combinations of sounds that are written as [Y '] [A], [Y '] [ O], [Y'][Y] and [Y'][E], respectively.

There are 2 more interesting letters in the alphabet: b and b. Soft and hard signs do not give independent sounds, but why are they needed then, and where are 36 more sounds ...
There are still 21 consonants left in the alphabet:
K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, F, X, C, H, W, W.
Here they are, combined with vowels and a soft sign, and give the remaining 36 sounds - this is [ b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [e], [e '], [g], [h], [h '], [th '], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [n], [n'], [r ], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x'], [c], [h' ], [w], [w'].

That is, for example, the letter B in words can give a solid sound, it is written as [b]. For example, in the word "barrel".
B can also give a soft sound, which is written almost the same, but with a small quote (apostrophe) - [b ']. For example, a soft sound [b '] in the words: coast, obliged, individual.
The soft sign, by the way, in the last word together with the letter B gave the necessary soft sound. This is exactly what it is used for. A solid sign, in turn, is used to separate sounds in a word, for example, in the words entrance, ate, disconnect.

Phonetic parsing rules.

All letters and sounds sorted out. Let's go directly to the rules of phonetic parsing.
As we understood, by definition, sounds can be vowels and consonants.

Phonetic analysis of vowels

Depending on the stress in a word, vowels can be stressed and unstressed .
As you already understood, the sounds [i], [ё], [yu], [e] do NOT exist.
The letters I, Yo, Yu, and E after consonants give the sounds [A], [O], [U] and [E], respectively.
When I, Yo, Yu, and E after vowels, a soft, hard sign or at the beginning of a word, they give the sounds [Y '] [A], [Y '] [O], [Y '] [Y] and [ Y'][E].
For I and E there is an exception , when they are unstressed, then they give the sound [I] after all consonants, except Zh, Sh and Ts. For example, mountain ash [r'ib'ina], steppe [st❜ipnoy❜] .
After Zh, Sh and C, unstressed E and I give the sound [S] instead of [I]. For example, in the word hares [zay'tsyf].
In other cases, unstressed I and E give [Y'] [I]. For example, in the word language [y'izyk].

All other vowels A, O, U, S, E and I give the corresponding sounds [A], [O], [U], [S], [E] and [I], except when the letter O without stress, then it gives the sound [A], for example, in the word window [akno].

How to memorize the phonetics of vowel sounds?
With vowels, everything is quite simple. It is necessary to remember 4 letters that do not give independent sounds I, Yo, Yu, and E. They give the corresponding sounds [A], [O], [U] and [E] after consonants, softening them. In other situations, during phonetic analysis of I, E, Yu, and E, [Y '] is added before [A], [O], [U] and [E].
An exception, when I and E are unstressed, they give [I] after consonants, sometimes [S] (after Zh, Sh and C), and [Y '] [I] in other cases.
The remaining 6 vowels A, O, U, Y, E and I give the same sounds [A], [O], [U], [S], [E] and [I], with the exception of unstressed O, which gives the sound [A].

Phonetic analysis of consonants

Consonants, in turn, are divided into voiced and voiceless/paired and unpaired .
Voiced and voiceless paired sounds are respectively:
[b] - [p]
[w]-[l]
[g]-[k]
[d]-[t]
[w]-[w]
[h]-[s]
and their soft “analogues” [b' ]-[n'],[v']-[f'], etc.

Voiced unpaired sounds (they are also sonorous): [Y'], hard [L], [M], [N] [R] and soft [L'], [M'], [N'] [ R'].
Deaf unpaired : [X], [X’], [C], [Ch’] and [Sch’].

Consonants can also be hard or soft in words .
According to the general rule of phonetics, before the letters A, O, U, Y, E and Ъ, consonants give hard sounds, except for the letters H, SH and Y they always give soft sounds, regardless of which letter follows them.
Before I, I, E, Yu, E and L consonants give soft sounds, except for Zh, Sh and C, they always give hard sounds.
We also remember that I, Yo, Yu, E after consonants give the sounds [a], [o], [y], [e] without [Y '].
In some words, E can be heard as [E], without softening the preceding consonant and without adding [Y'], when the previous letter is not a consonant. For example, the word test is heard as [test], cafe [cafe], project [project].

It is also important to know about the phonetic analysis of consonants:
1. A voiced consonant can make a voiceless sound, and vice versa, a voiceless one can make a voiced . If in a word the letter that gives a paired voiced sound is the last one or it is followed by a letter that gives a deaf sound, then the voiced sound is “muffled”, that is, instead of a voiced one, its deaf pair is recorded in the transcription.
For example, the word claws, gives in transcription [kokt'i], ditch in transcription [rof].
And vice versa. Voiceless consonants before voiced sounds (except [v]) are "voiced", that is, they give voiced sounds. That is, instead of [C], [Z] is heard, instead of T - D, in place of K - G, and so on.
For example, in the phonetic analysis of a word, make a transcription (sound of the word) [z'd'elat']
2. Combinations of consonant letters can give other sounds. MF, ZCH are pronounced as [Щ]. The combination of TS, TS, DS gives [C]. ChN and ChT in some words can give sounds [SHN] and [SHT].
For example, in the word countable transcription [sh'otny'], learn [student], hint [patskaska], of course [kan'eshna] that [what].

3. Individual consonants in words may NOT produce sounds in some cases.
3.1 When the letters STN and STL follow each other in a word, the consonant [T] is usually not pronounced. For example, lean transcription [sleep], passionate [passionate '], happy [sh'asl'ive '].
3.2. When the same consonants follow each other. For example, in the word class, transcription [class]. Or, for example, in the word knee transcription [kol'en: y']. HH in this case is marked with a colon in the transcription, which means that the sound is prolonged, that is, it stretches a little when pronouncing.
3.3. Also, in some cases, when two or more consonants follow each other, one of them is not pronounced. For example, in the word rest, transcription [hell: ahnut '], pilot [l'och'ik], sun [sontse], late [know], heart [s'erts: e], sew [shit '], burn [ zhech'].
In practice, problems with phonetic analysis of such cases, as a rule, do not arise, since the disappearance of sounds is naturally heard when pronouncing a word.

How easy is it to remember the phonetic characteristics of consonants?
Remembering the main characteristics of consonants is actually not difficult.
A voiced or deaf sound can be easily identified by sound. Deaf sounds are pronounced as if by “exhalation” or “noise”, it is a little easier to pronounce deaf sounds than voiced ones. Going through the pronunciation of unvoiced and voiced sounds, you will quickly catch the difference and learn how to easily distinguish them.
It is also not difficult to remember paired sounds. Only 6 main pairs of sounds, it is quite difficult to confuse them with each other. Moreover, all 6 voiced sounds from pairs are the sounds of the first 6 consonants of the alphabet one after another.
A, B, C, D, E , F, Y, F, G ...
Hardness and softness are in most cases easy to understand by just saying the word. For example, just compare the sound of the letter d in the words house and children.

This is the basic knowledge that is important to learn for phonetic analysis. It remains only to master the analysis itself in practice. Due to the large number of features and exceptions, you are unlikely to be able to immediately parse words without errors, but the more you practice, the better you will get.

Phonetic analysis of words by steps.

1. Write down the word, put the stress.
If you are lost and cannot accurately place the stress, try shifting the stress between syllables and choose the most harmonious option for you. For example, most people from the stress options: milk, milk, milk, of course, will choose the latter, as the most understandable and correct.

2. At the bottom, write down the letters and the sounds they make, each sound on a new line.
If you don't know how to pronounce a word correctly during the sound decomposition step, write down the sounds as you hear them, relying on your own pronunciation of the particular word.

3. Mark the vowels, mark the stressed and unstressed.
Vowels are simpler, so we describe them first of all, so as not to be distracted later when analyzing consonants. Frequent errors are associated with unstressed vowels I, E after consonants, which give the sound [I], as well as with unstressed O, which gives the sound [A].

4. Mark the remaining consonants, indicate whether they are voiced or voiceless, paired or unpaired, hard or soft.
If you have forgotten what voiced and unvoiced sounds are, then try to intuitively understand whether a voiced sound or a deaf sound is pronounced. Try to pick up a pair on your own, remember the first 6 consonants of the alphabet, if a paired sound does not come to mind, then most likely the sound is unpaired. Hardness or softness can also be clearly distinguished by pronunciation, even without remembering the rules.

5. Count the total number of sounds and letters.
There may be less, more or as many sounds as there are letters in a word. Be careful at the final stage of phonetic analysis!

Phonetic analysis, using the word CALLS as an example

1. Write down the word, put the stress
calls (the emphasis on the second syllable is correct)

giving sound [A])
s [s]
in [v]
o [a]
n [n ']
and [i]
t [t]

3. We note vowels, stressed and unstressed.
calls
s [s]
in [c]
o [a] vowel, unstressed
n [n ']
and [and] vowel, stressed
t [t]

paired and unpaired, hard and soft.
ringing
s [z] consonant, voiced double, hard
in [c] consonant, voiced double, hard
o [a] vowel, unstressed
n [n '] consonant, voiced unpaired, soft
and [and] vowel, stressed
t [t] consonant, deaf double, hard

, hard
o [a] vowel, unstressed
n [n '] consonant, voiced unpaired, soft
and [and] vowel, stressed
t [t] consonant, deaf double, hard
6 letters, 6 sounds.

More examples of analysis by links: language, Russian, class, day, sun, pike, run, lunch, scheme, bottom, leaves, leaves, sound, hook, autumn, seagull, pike, key, night, tears, age, eat, ate, honor, spruce, ring, apple, blizzard, trees, dew, ears, tree, literally, lives, fields, suddenly, south, friends, five, sentences, smile, family, happiness, transcription, hedgehog, berry, heard, rain, earth, frost, idleness, anchor, sing, sing, bright, ball, tea, letter, rules, lighthouse, singer, forest, sings, forehead, birch, entrance, highlights, pit, white, cradle, highlight, frost, table, full, lump, luggage, former, whirligig, hedgehog, taxi, gun, hares, hare, cup, produce, look, work, eyelids, light, sounds, bold, streams, friend, snow, soft, holiday, how, what, flower, pattern, clear, announce, lesson, consonants, wind, school, bear, flows, circus, heart, lei, loach, time, water, standing, stands, stood, mushroom, lil, pours, do, big, syllables, birdlike, tasks, sparrows, memo, beats, sparrows, be reg, will, by, notebook, found, topic, close, mouse, ate, people, very, vowels, text, answer, october, gouache, yellow, late, lived, live, lived, lived, live, color, kalach, finch, find, fair, stars, skates, eye, oak, again, black, black, water, white, only, analysis, skirt, line, honey, glide, children, maple, announcement, autumn, letter, go, walked, beat, fox, fox, wings, sad, squirrel, squirrel, analysis, control, spring, forest, edges, eat, carrots, computer, rules, discussed, stand, standing, stood, Russian, cast, syntactic, alley, what, consciousness, birch, river, book, russia, syllable, saw, consonants, steppe, love

Be sure to work out the proposed algorithm in practice. For a good assimilation of the skill of phonetic analysis of words, it is recommended to independently analyze at least 10 words of different lengths and structures. At the same time, we recommend doing this at the initial stages, having at hand the parsing rules described above.
Knowing the rules that we have outlined, and having studied the examples in our online phonetic parsing service, you will quickly learn how to do it yourself without errors with a minimum number of errors.

Good luck with phonetic analysis!