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"Sid the Science Kid" Too Much Noise! (TV Episode 2008)
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- Episode aired Sep 25, 2008
- TV-YTV-Y
- 27m
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AnimationComedyFamily
Sid notices that when he covers his ears with his hands, everything sounds quieter. Maybe he has super powers! Sid explores his sense of hearing, and discovers that sounds travel through the... Read allSid notices that when he covers his ears with his hands, everything sounds quieter. Maybe he has super powers! Sid explores his sense of hearing, and discovers that sounds travel through the air and into our ears. So it turns out Sid doesn't have super powers, he was just blockin... Read allSid notices that when he covers his ears with his hands, everything sounds quieter. Maybe he has super powers! Sid explores his sense of hearing, and discovers that sounds travel through the air and into our ears. So it turns out Sid doesn't have super powers, he was just blocking sound waves from entering his ears!
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- Director
- Hugh Martin
- Writer
- Elise Allen
- Stars
- Julianne Buescher(voice)
- John Munro Cameron
- Alice Dinnean(voice)
- Director
- Hugh Martin
- Writer
- Elise Allen
- Stars
- Julianne Buescher(voice)
- John Munro Cameron
- Alice Dinnean(voice)
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Julianne Buescher
- May
- (voice)
- …
John Munro Cameron
Alice Dinnean
- Gabriela
- (voice)
- (as Alice Dinnean Vernon)
- …
Donna Kimball
- Susie
- (voice)
- …
Drew Massey
Mia Ella Mimica
Victor Yerrid
- Gerald…
- Director
- Hugh Martin
- Writer
- Elise Allen
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References Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (1967)
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Noisy toys - a great way to put children to sleep | Psychology of life
Psychology of life
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Long and uninterrupted sleep in infants is rare.
Newborn babies have trouble falling asleep. They misperceive the irritating lights and sounds at home, sometimes they have stomach issues that prevent them from getting a good night's sleep. How is it that noise helps babies sleep better than lullabies?
Baby noise - where does it come from and how does it work?
That noise makes children fall asleep is information discovered by chance. It happened that a mother, busy preparing dinner, turned on the hood and after a while noticed that her baby was sleeping well. In a similar way, additional possibilities of dryers or vacuum cleaners were opened.
Scientists have calculated that white noise is up to 80 percent effective for newborn and infant sleep. This is because many of the children surveyed fell asleep within 5 minutes of hearing the sound of the buzzing toy. Before there were special teddy bears in cribs, the noise came not only from household appliances, but also from CDs.
Background photo created by freepic.
diller - freepik.com Why does white noise soothe babies?
White noise, i.e. noise from a hair dryer, fan, extractor fan or teddy bear buzzing, relaxes children because it is familiar to them. The baby, who was in the womb for 9 months, was surrounded by sounds all the time: he could hear the sounds of amniotic fluid, the mother's heartbeat and muffled sounds from outside. Noise is normal for a newborn.
Everything changes after birth - suddenly sounds irritate the unaccustomed hearing of the baby, they can even cause anxiety, and exaggerated silence is alarming. The idea that the baby should sleep in complete silence is erroneous - even in the womb, the baby heard sounds, as if a vacuum cleaner was working nearby all the time.
Interestingly, not only white noise can lull a child to sleep. There are many types of noise, but small ones such as pink and red noise in addition to white. White noise is a bit like "sss" and red noise is a bit like "xxx". Pink is the sound between white and red noise, reminiscent of the "ffff" sound.
It is worth noting that lulling toys include not only toys that make an indefinite noise, but also sounds of nature. Babies also willingly fall asleep to the sound of falling rain, the sound of the sea, wind or the murmur of a stream.
Baby photo created by javi_indy - ru.freepik.comHairdryer, vacuum cleaner or buzzing teddy bears?
Unfortunately, household appliances such as a dryer or vacuum cleaner can quickly burn out or make too much noise, which can irritate your baby's hearing. So it's a great idea to give your child a buzzing toy. A soft toy is certainly more versatile, more interesting and, of course, much safer than any electrical device.
Important! It is very important that the noise coming from the toy is not too loud (up to 50 dB). Also, do not leave the child with a plush toy or working electrical appliances for a long time - the baby needs to get used to new sounds.
This toy is a true friend of a sleeping baby and a great gift idea for new parents.
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A neuro -scientist talks about the nature of auditory hallucinations - T&P
Hallucinations - this is what occurs in the absence of external stimulation, but accepted as real. They can be associated with all the senses, that is, they can be visual, tactile and even olfactory. Probably the most common type of hallucination is when a person "hears voices". They are called auditory verbal hallucinations. T&P continues a special project with New with the translation of an article by neuroscientist Paul Allen, published on the Serious Science website, about auditory hallucinations and the nature of their occurrence.
Definition
Although auditory hallucinations are commonly associated with mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder, they are not always a sign of illness. In some cases, they can be caused by lack of sleep; Marijuana and stimulant drugs can also cause perceptual disturbances in some people.
It has been experimentally proven that hallucinations can occur due to a prolonged absence of sensory stimuli: in the 1960s, experiments were conducted (which would now be impossible for ethical reasons), during which people were kept in dark rooms without sound. In the end, people began to see and hear things that were not there in reality. So hallucinations can occur both in patients and in mentally healthy people.
Research on the nature of this phenomenon has been going on for quite some time: psychiatrists and psychologists have been trying to understand the causes and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations for about a hundred years (or maybe longer). In the last three decades, it became possible to use encephalograms, which helped researchers of that time to understand what was happening in the brain during moments of auditory hallucinations. And now we can look at its different areas involved in these periods using functional magnetic resonance scanning or positron tomography.
These technologies have helped psychologists and psychiatrists develop models of auditory hallucinations in the brain, mostly related to the function of language and speech.
Proposed theories for the mechanisms of auditory hallucinations
Some research has shown that when patients experience auditory hallucinations, that is, they hear voices, activity in a part of their brain called Broca's area increases. This area is located in the small frontal lobe of the brain and is responsible for speech production: when you speak, it is Broca's area that works. One of the first to investigate this phenomenon were professors Philip McGuire and Suchy Shergill from King's College London. They noticed that their patients' Broca's area was more active during auditory hallucinations compared to when the voices were silent. This suggests that auditory hallucinations are produced by the speech and language centers of our brain. The results of these studies led to the creation of internal speech models of auditory hallucinations.
When we think about something, we generate inner speech - an inner voice that voices our thinking. For example, when we ask the question "What am I going to eat for lunch?" or “What will the weather be like tomorrow?”, we generate inner speech and are believed to activate Broca’s area. But how does this inner speech begin to be perceived by the brain as external, not coming from itself? According to internal speech models of auditory verbal hallucinations, such voices are thoughts generated inside the consciousness or internal speech, somehow incorrectly defined as external, alien. More complex models of the process of how we track our own inner speech follow from this.
© Kate MacDowell
English neuroscientist and neuropsychologist Chris Frith and others have suggested that when we engage in thinking and internal speech, Broca's area sends a signal to an area of our auditory cortex called Wernicke's area. This signal contains information that the speech we perceive is generated by us.
This is because the transmitted signal is supposed to dampen the neuronal activity of the sensory cortex, so it is not activated as much as it is from external stimuli, such as someone talking to you. This model is known as the self-monitoring model, and it suggests that people with auditory hallucinations are deficient in this process, causing them to be unable to distinguish between internal and external speech. Although the evidence for this theory is rather weak at the moment, it is certainly one of the most influential models of auditory hallucinations that have emerged over the past 20 to 30 years.
Consequences of hallucinations
About 70% of patients with schizophrenia hear voices to some extent. They are treatable, but not always. Usually (though not in all cases) votes have a negative impact on the quality of life and health. For example, patients who hear voices and do not respond to treatment have an increased risk of suicide (sometimes voices call for self-harm).
One can imagine how hard it is for people even in everyday situations, when they constantly hear humiliating and insulting words addressed to them.
But auditory hallucinations do not only occur in people with mental disorders. Moreover, these voices are not always evil. Thus, Marius Romm and Sandra Escher lead a very active "Society of Hearing Voices" - a movement that speaks about their positive aspects and fights against their stigmatization. Many people who hear voices live active and happy lives, so we cannot assume that voices are inherently bad. Yes, they are often associated with aggressive, paranoid and anxious behavior of patients, but it may be due to emotional distress, and not the presence of voices. Nor is it surprising that the anxiety and paranoia that are often at the core of mental illness show up in what these voices say. But, as already mentioned, many people without a psychiatric diagnosis state that they hear voices, and for them this can be a positive experience, since voices can calm or even suggest the direction in which to move in life.
Professor Iris Sommer from the Netherlands has carefully studied this phenomenon: the healthy people she studied, hearing voices, described them as something positive, useful and giving self-confidence.
Treating hallucinations
People diagnosed with schizophrenia are usually treated with antipsychotic medications that block postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum, the brain's striatum. Antipsychotics are effective in many cases: as a result of treatment, psychotic symptoms subside, especially auditory hallucinations and mania. Some patients, however, do not respond well to antipsychotics. Approximately 25-30% of patients who hear voices are almost unaffected by drugs. Antipsychotics also have serious side effects, so these medications are not suitable for all patients.
For other methods, there are many options for non-pharmacological treatment. Their degree of effectiveness also varies. For example, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Its use for the treatment of psychosis is somewhat controversial, as many researchers believe that it has little effect on the symptoms and overall outcome of the disease.
But there are types of CBT designed specifically for patients who hear voices. This therapy is usually aimed at changing the patient's attitude towards the voice so that the latter is perceived as less negative and unpleasant. The effectiveness of this treatment remains in question.
I am currently leading a study at King's College London to see if we can teach patients to self-regulate neural activity in the auditory cortex. This is achieved with the help of neural feedback, which is sent in real time using MRI. An MRI scanner is used to measure the signal coming from the auditory cortex. This signal is then sent back to the patient via a visual interface, which the patient must learn to control (that is, move the lever up and down). It is expected that we will be able to teach voice-hearing patients to control the activity of their auditory cortex, which in turn may allow them to better control their voices.
Researchers are not yet sure whether this method will be clinically effective, but some preliminary data will be available in the next few months.
Population prevalence
About 24 million people worldwide live with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and about 60% or 70% of them have heard voices. There is evidence that from 5% to 10% of the population without a psychiatric diagnosis at some point in their lives also heard them. Some of us sometimes thought that someone was calling us by name, and then it turned out that there was no one around. So there is evidence that auditory hallucinations are more common than we think, although accurate epidemiological statistics are hard to come by.
The most famous person who heard voices was probably Joan of Arc. From modern history, one can recall Syd Barrett, the founder of the Pink Floyd group, who suffered from schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations. But, again, someone can draw inspiration for art from voices, and some even experience musical hallucinations - something like vivid auditory images - but scientists still doubt whether they can be equated with hallucinations.
Unanswered questions
Science currently does not have a clear answer to the question of what happens in the brain when a person hears voices. Another problem is that researchers do not yet know why people perceive them as aliens coming from an external source. It is important to try to understand the phenomenological aspect of what exactly people experience when they hear a voice. For example, when tired or on stimulants, they may experience hallucinations, but not necessarily perceive them as coming from outside. The question is why do people lose the sense of their own activity when they hear voices. Even if we believe that the cause of auditory hallucinations is an excessive activity of the auditory cortex, why do people still think that God, a secret agent or an alien is talking to them? It is also important to study the belief systems that people build around their voices.
The content of auditory hallucinations and their source is another problem: do these voices come from inner speech or are they stored memories? What can be said with certainty is that this sensory experience involves the activation of the auditory cortex in the speech and language areas.
