Sid wings it

"Sid the Science Kid" Sid Wings It! (TV Episode 2011)

Sid the Science Kid

S2.E25

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Episode aired Dec 8, 2011
TV-YTV-Y
27m

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In his backyard, Sid shows off his homemade cardboard wings. He's wearing them because he wants to fly, just like the bird he has been watching all morning. When his flight plans don't work ... Read allIn his backyard, Sid shows off his homemade cardboard wings. He's wearing them because he wants to fly, just like the bird he has been watching all morning. When his flight plans don't work out, he heads to school to investigate. Susie announces that the class is going to visit t... Read allIn his backyard, Sid shows off his homemade cardboard wings. He's wearing them because he wants to fly, just like the bird he has been watching all morning. When his flight plans don't work out, he heads to school to investigate. Susie announces that the class is going to visit the Science Center to check out a special exhibit about FLIGHT! Sid and his friends are thr... Read all

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- Kirk R. Thatcher
- Bradley Zweig
- Drew Massey
- Mia Ella Mimica
- Victor Yerrid

- Kirk R. Thatcher
- Bradley Zweig
- Drew Massey
- Mia Ella Mimica
- Victor Yerrid

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Drew Massey

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- Bradley Zweig
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Sid the Science Kid - Season 2 Episode 32: Sid Wings It!

PBS | Air Date: unknown

Summary: Sid wants to fly, just like the bird outside his window. When his flight plans don't work out, he heads to school to investigate.

Genre(s): Comedy, Animation, Kids, Science, Educational

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tbd
S2:E35. Sid's Super Kick
Air Date: August 10, 2012
tbd
S2:E34. Ignatz's Inertia
Air Date: July 27, 2012
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S2:E33. That's the Way the Ball Bounces
Air Date: unknown

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Meaning of the word "SIDE"

See all meanings of the word SIDE

Meaning of the word "WING"

Flying organ in birds, insects.

See all meanings of the word WING

Sentences with "side wings"

There is a reference to the side wings of the vessel called Plava, which gives the vessel stability in stormy conditions.
Other results
Interior view of the side wing of the basilica.
Ailerons began to replace wing warping as the most common means of achieving lateral control as early as 1911, especially in biplane designs.
Unlike the standard Imperial, the Imperial Crown had a side treatment in which the rear wing moldings and stone protection were separated from each other.
Standard equipment included large rims, fender skirts, hood, side and lower seat belt moldings and stainless steel running boards.
Wing warp consists of the twisting motion of the aircraft's wings to obtain lateral control.
Both cars had clean side panels, thick C-pillars, and chrome molding to accentuate the top of the fender line.
Sideslip is maintained by lowering the wing into the wind and applying opposite rudder just enough to prevent a change in course.
Although this is a side slip, the aircraft is not actually sliding towards the lower wing due to the crosswind pushing the aircraft back onto its desired trajectory.
Yagi antennas were mounted along the leading edges of the wing and also protruded from the sides of the rear fuselage.
Unique exterior features consist of fender badges and chrome side mirror caps.
The lateral wall is formed by the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the more posterior orbital plate of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
The pilot had side windows and a cutout in the wing for a forward view.

Side trim was about the same as in 19'55, except for the addition of exhaust extensions on the rear fender.
A swept wing is a wing that slopes backward or sometimes forward from its root rather than in a straight sideways direction.
In the event of a crosswind, the wing is lowered into the wind so that the aircraft flies on its original track.
Most snakes have teeth on the lower jaw, maxilla, palatine and lateral pterygoid plate.
This is a semi-deployed single-engine, high-wing light aircraft tractor with side seating for two and a fixed undercarriage.
The yaw stability provided by the vertical fin counters the dihedral effect of wing rollback by limiting side slip.
Federal side marker lights appeared as inverted trapezoids on the lower leading edges of the front fenders and round ones on the rear.
The one-piece hood dropped lower at the front, included side panels and flared out to the side to the fenders.
Sometimes, in fact, his sociology of the side porch is simply stupid ... The black man is just too good to be true.
Walls may be freestanding or include the sides of a building or porch.
The porch leads to the double-winged entrance to the cathedral, and the side walls are decorated with statues of evangelists and other saints.
In 1784 the side walls were completely reconstructed, as was the porch in 1839.
Rear airflow is affected by the front fenders, front wheels, mirrors, driver's helmet, side pods and exhaust fumes.
Additional side covers were hinged to the fenders.
Wind tunnel testing revealed lateral instability requiring the addition of a 5° dihedral to the wings.
In 1941, the one-piece bonnet dropped lower at the front, included side panels, and extended sideways to the fenders.
On both sides of his soft sides in a dissected wave that diverged from him with wide wings - on both sides of his sparkling sides he lavished magical temptations.

This page provides the definition (meaning) of the phrase / expression "side wings", as well as synonyms, antonyms and sentences, if they are available in our database. We strive to make the English-Grammar.Biz explanatory dictionary, including the interpretation of the phrase / expression "side wings", as correct and informative as possible. If you have suggestions or comments about the correctness of the definition of "side wings", please write to us in the "Feedback" section.

The hypothesis about the origin of insect wings from the lateral processes of the legs of crustaceans was tested on mutant amphipods

Experiments with genetically modified crustaceans (amphibians Parhyale ) allowed American biologists to confirm and develop the old hypothesis that insect wings originated from lateral processes (exits) of crustacean legs. Between the leg segments of crayfish and insects, it was possible to establish a clear correspondence according to the “one to one” principle: six leg segments of insects correspond to six distal (farthest from the body) leg segments of crustaceans. Two basal leg segments of crustaceans (seventh and eighth, coxa and precox) in insects entered the body wall, forming its lateral part - pleurite. The wings of insects, apparently, are exits of the eighth segment (precox).

The origin of insect wings is a long-standing scientific mystery. The fossil record does not preserve clear transitional forms between primordial wingless and winged insects, so scientists have to rely only on data from disciplines such as comparative anatomy and evolutionary developmental biology.

Basically two versions are discussed. According to the first, wings originated from exits - processes of the proximal (basal, closest to the body) part of the primitive limb of ancient crustaceans - the ancestors of insects. This is confirmed, in particular, by the fact that some key developmental regulator genes are similarly expressed in crustacean exits and insect wings during ontogeny (N. Shubin et al., 1997. Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs).

But how can a wing be part of a leg, if between the real leg and the wing in insects there is a lateral part of the body wall - pleurite, which does not seem to be at all like a limb? The fact is that many specialists in comparative anatomy and embryology of arthropods have long, starting from the end of the 19th century, expressed the idea that the pleurites of the thoracic region of insects were formed from the basal part of the leg, possibly from the basal segment - subcoxae. This is called the "subcoxal theory". It is assumed that this segment, absent in modern insects, but present in ancestors, was integrated into the body wall and became a pleurite. Or maybe it happened not even with one, but with two basal segments — subcoxal-1 and subcoxal-2 (Y. Kobayashi, 2017. Formation of Subcoxae-1 and 2 in Insect Embryos: The Subcoxal Theory Revisited). In this case, it is logical that the exit - a flattened outgrowth of the basal segment embedded in the body wall - turned out to be exactly where insects have wings: in the uppermost part of the pleurite, on the border with the dorsal shield (tergite).

Here we can also recall (although this is not directly related to the article that will be discussed) that the primitive limb of ancient arthropods could have developed by merging two initially independent limbs, ventral and dorsal (see: Newly discovered relative of Anomalocaris sheds light on origin of arthropod limbs, "Elements", 03/16/2015). And then it turns out that the alleged division of a single limb into a wing and a walking leg in winged insects was, in a sense, a return to a very ancient ancestral state, and hallucigenia spikes (see: Paleontologists figured out how the hallucigenia head was arranged, "Elements", 06/26/2015) may eventually turn out to be homologous to insect wings.

The second version suggests that the wings did not develop from the processes of the legs - exits, but from outgrowths of the body wall not connected with the legs - the so-called paranotal outgrowths. Such outgrowths along the edges of tergites are found in primary wingless insects, and the “wing” genes are also regularly expressed in them. In the ancestors of winged insects (Pterygota), they could serve, for example, for gliding when jumping from branch to branch. In this case - if the wings were never part of the leg - the similarity of the genetic regulation of the development of the wings and exits should be interpreted as the result of a "co-option" of regulatory gene networks. That is, the genes that in ancestors were responsible for the development of the leg appendage were later recruited to perform a new function - the regulation of the development of paranotal outgrowths, which later turned into wings. In this case, it is no longer possible to speak of a strict homology of wings and exits, although wings cannot be called a “genuine evolutionary innovation” developed from scratch either. Here it is necessary to talk about the so-called deep homology (N. Shubin et al., 2009. Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty), about the vagueness of the concept of "evolutionary innovation", about the unsuitability of the formulation "innovation begins where homology ends" - in general, about the absence the line between genuine innovation and the classic Darwinian "descent with modification"; a good recent review on this subject is D. M. Linz et al., 2020. From descent with modification to the origins of novelty.

Recently, combined versions have also been popular, according to which the wing of an insect is partly a modified exit of an ancient limb of a crustacean ancestor, and partly is a paranotal outgrowth, that is, a “new” structure not associated with the legs of ancient crustaceans (N. Niwa et al., 2010. Evolutionary origin of the insect wing via integration of two developmental modules).

Trying to sort out this confusing issue, American biologists conducted a series of genetic experiments with amphipods Parhyale hawaiensis . The main task of the study was to understand how the segments of the limbs of crustaceans and insects correlate with each other. This question is of great importance for understanding the origin of wings. After all, if it were possible to show that the most basal leg segment of an insect (cox) is homologous not to the most basal leg segment of a crustacean, this would be a strong argument in favor of the subcoxal theory (according to which the basal part of the ancestral leg was integrated into the body wall, becoming a pleurite). Looking ahead, we note that this is exactly what the authors managed to show.

Pectoral legs of amphipod Parhyale consist of seven segments (Fig. 1). On the most basal (seventh) segment, which is also called coxa, there are two processes - exit: gill process and flattened coxal plate (coxal plate). Insects typically have six-segmented legs, as shown in Fig. 1 bug Oncopeltus .

To understand the homology of the leg segments, the scientists used CRISPR/Cas9 to incapacitate those crustacean genes that in Drosophila are responsible for marking the limb along the proximal-distal axis and forming the segments. Five such genes were studied: Distalless ( DLL ), SP6–9 , Dachshund ( DAC ), EXTRADENTICLE ( EXD ) and Homothorax Previously, it was shown that in insects (mostly such studies were carried out on Drosophila, less often on other model species), when each of these genes is turned off, strictly defined leg segments disappear. Therefore, in order to establish a correspondence between the segments of the legs of insects and crustaceans, it was necessary to look at which segments would be lost when these genes were turned off in the amphipod.

The results were beautiful and revealing (Fig. 2).

The phenotypic effects of knocking out each of the five genes in the amphipod exactly matched those in insects. At the same time, a clear one-to-one correspondence is established between the segments, starting from the most distal (first) and up to the sixth, which in insects is called coke, and in crayfish - the basis.

For example, in insects, when Dll is disabled, segments 1–5 do not develop, and in Parhyale , the result was exactly the same (Fig. 2b). When Sp6-9 is turned off, segments 1–6 disappear in insects, as well as in amphipods (Fig. 2, d), and so on. The differences are minimal: for example, in Drosophila, gene dac is required for the development of segments 3–5 and partly of segment 2, while in Parhyale it is required only for segments 3–5.

These experiments showed that segments 1–6, which make up the leg of the insect, are apparently homologous to segments 1–6 of the leg of the amphipod. Insect coke does not correspond to coke, but to the basis of crustaceans. But there is no segment 7 (crustacean coke) in insects. More precisely, it is not in the composition of the leg. But we remember that, according to the "subcoxal theory", it could become part of the body wall (pleurite). On the other hand, insects could simply lose this segment.

To find out the fate of the seventh segment, the researchers had to look for genes whose expression pattern can reliably distinguish the base of the leg from the body wall. The most convenient markers were genes pannier (pnr) , marking the dorsal wall of the body (which is certainly not the former leg), and araucan ( ara ). The expression pattern of ara in amphipod and beetle Tribolium embryos turned out to be surprisingly similar and very revealing. The beetle in these experiments represented insects, because fruit fly larvae do not have legs, but beetle larvae do. At the base of each limb, both in the beetle embryo and in the amphipod embryo, three regions of expression were found ara . These areas in Fig. 3 are highlighted in green and marked with three different arrows.

The first, most distal region of expression ara (in the figure on the right, marked with arrows with a “shaft”) is confined to the sixth segment of the leg. In a crustacean this is the basis, in a beetle it is coke.

The second region (marked by unfilled arrows without a shaft) marks the base (proximal part) of the seventh segment in the crustacean — crustacean coxae. This area of expression is located on the border of the seventh segment with what will become the wall of the body in an adult crustacean, and painfully resembles the eighth leg segment in an embryo. By the way, in many crustaceans, the leg really has an eighth segment, the most basal one is the precox. Parhyale it appears to be incorporated into the body wall.

The third region of expression ara (filled arrows without shaft) in the crustacean is confined to the base of the eighth segment. From the embryonic tissues located between the second and third expression areas of ara , that is, from the eighth segment of the embryonic leg, the adult crustacean develops a part of the body wall with a characteristic flat process - the tergal plate (Tp in Fig. 3). Many crustaceans have such processes, and “wing” genes are expressed in them. The authors make a reasonable conclusion that the tergal plate is the exit of the eighth segment of the leg. The seventh segment has a similar exit process, a coxal plate (Cp in Fig. 3), as well as a gill (G), which can be interpreted as another exit of the seventh segment.

As for the beetle, its second expression area ara is also located on the border of embryonic structures that look like the seventh and eighth segments of the leg, and the third one is at the base of the eighth segment. But the beetle, as we know, has neither the seventh nor the eighth segment in its legs. From the embryonic rudiments of segments 7 and 8, pleuritis develops - the lateral wall of the body. Some insects have a flattened protrusion on the pleurite (or several protrusions, like the bug in Fig. 1; they are labeled "Supracoxal lobes"). These protrusions resemble the coxal plates of crustaceans. The authors believe that they are indeed homologous to the coxal plates and are exits of the seventh segment embedded in the body wall (Fig. 4). Well, from the rudiment of segment 8, where the spiracle is located in the embryo of the beetle (Spiracle in Fig. 3), the most remarkable exits will grow in the adult beetle on the second and third thoracic segments - wings (posterior flying and anterior - rigid elytra).

The authors present in the article a number of additional anatomical, embryological and genetic arguments in favor of their interpretation, partly based on their own experiments, partly on literature data. In particular, they mention that in insects the pleurite sometimes shows a suture — a rudimentary articulation between the seventh and eighth segments of the leg, which have merged into the body wall. In this joint, in the Tribolium beetle, the expression of the Serrate gene, which marks the leg joints in insects, was registered.

The main findings of the study are summarized in fig. 5. In general, it must be admitted that the concept turned out to be, although not indisputable (specialists still have a lot of work to do before the question of the origin of insect wings can be considered closed), but, of course, beautiful.

Well, the opposition of the two theories of the origin of wings, which was mentioned at the beginning of the news, is most likely an imaginary dichotomy. After all, the exits of the eighth segment of the ancestral leg did not immediately become wings. In the immediate ancestors of Pterygota, the primordial wingless insects, they were apparently ordinary paranotal outgrowths similar to tergal plates Parhyale . For example, in the primary wingless insect Pedetontus unimaculatus (family Machilidae), the paranotal outgrowths on the thoracic segments are indeed similar to the tergal plates Parhyale , and "wing" genes are also involved in their development.

Source: Heather S. Bruce & Nipam H. Patel. Knockout of crustacean leg patterning genes suggests that insect wings and body walls evolved from ancient leg segments // Nature Ecology & Evolution . 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01349-0.

See also:
1) The development of horns and wings in dung beetles is controlled by the same genes, Elements, 11/26/2019.
2) D. M. Linz et al., 2020. From descent with modification to the origins of novelty // Zoology .
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