Teaching reading english

25 Effective Ways to Teach Reading to Beginners

The Butterfly Teacher is thrilled to welcome guest writer Sophia Sanchez, an ESL instructor who has extensive knowledge about language development. In this post, she shares 25 practical and effective ways to teach reading to beginners. Get your pen and paper ready…there are tons of teaching tips below!

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How Do You Teach Reading Effectively?

Reading is a complex exercise.

We have to teach kids to read the written word and to build vocabulary simultaneously.

On top of all this, as students grow, they need to master more complex reading skills, such as inferencing.

So what are the best reading strategies that teachers and parents need to teach? And HOW do you teach them?

To best answer these questions, you must approach reading instruction based on your students/child’s developmental level:

Early / Beginning Reader
Emergent Reader
Advanced Reader

You will be able to teach reading more effectively when you recognize the strengths and weaknesses of each developmental level and cater to those.

Tanya–The Butterfly Teacher, shares reading comprehension teaching tips for advanced readers, so in this post, I will share tips for early and beginning readers.

Let’s jump right in!

Vocabulary-Building Strategies for Early Readers

A highly effective way to teach reading to beginners is to help them build extensive background knowledge and vocabulary skills.

As you teach early readers more vocabulary, make sure the learning is playful, because most kids learn best via play!

1–Build Their Oral Vocabulary Through Conversation:
Encourage children to frequently interact verbally with you and others. More conversation will build on the vocabulary they may already know.
2–Combine Pictures with Vocabulary Words & Actions:
For example, put up a poster outside your class with signage for shaking hands, hugging, greeting with a bow/folded hands, or just smiling, and get the kids to point at how they want to be greeted. Encourage the kids to say the words aloud and then act them out.
3–Play Games to Identify Everyday Items:
Boring teaching will make reading seem like a chore! Make learning to read more fun with games that help children build vocabulary.
As children grow more proficient and confident pronouncing words for things like vegetables, fruits, simple objects, colors, plants, actions such as mowing, sweeping, washing, drying, etc.–they are forming the building blocks for strong reading fluency.

Simple Ways to Teach Pre-Literacy Skills

The vocabulary word building tips from above help beginning readers develop more background knowledge that influences their reading.

Here are simple but effective ways to teach reading to beginners who need more pre-literacy skills.

4–Introduce Kids to Books With No Text:
A few of my favorite examples for beginning readers are:
Free Fall by David Weisner,
Up and Up by Shirley Hughes,
and Noah’s Ark by Peter Spier.
As you share these picture books, let each child “read it” on their own, say the story out loud for others, or even interpret a page in their own words to develop pre-literacy skills.

Wordless books or simple word books such as this book set help early readers build essential vocabulary skills. Click HERE or the image to learn more. (Amazon affiliate link)

5–Start a Story Prompt:
Use flash cards or picture books to begin a make-believe story. Then allow your students/kids to create the next part or line of the story you’ve started. This helps them build the foundation for sequencing in reading.
6–Read Simple Rebus Readers:
These fun books help beginning readers answer your story prompts, identify sight words, and build vocabulary–which are all important pre-literacy skills.

What is the Main Difference Between Alphabetic Principle & Phonemic Awareness?

Let’s pause here to quickly dive into an important topic that relates to beginning readers.

Alphabetic understanding vs. letter-sound relationships!

What in the world is alphabetic principle and how is it different from phonemic awareness?

Many people use the words “alphabetic principle” interchangeably with “phonics.” It relates to letter-symbol relationships and spoken words.

Phonemic awareness involves breaking word parts down to isolate and identify specific sounds or phonemes.

To effectively teach reading to beginners, parents and teachers must use different teaching strategies for these two reading skills!

Let’s continue with specific examples

Easy Ways to Teach Alphabetic Principle

7–Introduce Single Letters and Their Sound:
English is not a phonetic language, but language learning is a lot about listening and ears like sounds. Confusion can set in but reducing pace and increasing fun games for practice can help.
8–Get Kids to Say Words Which Start With That Sound:
This can be combined with the same teaching strategies that you use to teach vocabulary words. Put pictures with words next to everyday items. Emphasize the sound that initial letter makes.
9–Give Sounds for Single Vowels:
Like ‘e’ for egg
10–Give Sounds for Single Consonants:
Like ‘h’ for hut

Tactile letter activities like this one help beginning readers build letter recognition and phonemic awareness. Click HERE or the image for more details. (Amazon affiliate link)

11–Do Kinesthetic & Tactile Activities to Learn Letters:
Write letters in the sand or in shaving cream. Use magnetic letters, ropes, and other items that beginning readers can touch as a fun way to build letter recognition.
12–Identify Letters among other letters (like a design:)
Before kids can identify letters as letters, they can play at spotting them. E.g Write ‘egg’ on the board with space in between. Now hold up the letter ‘e’ and ask the kids to spot it in what’s written. Add more words on the board which include ‘e’, and ask them to spot all the occurrences.
13–Complete Letter Crafts Decorating Objects Which Start With That Letter

Ideas for Helping Beginning Readers Build Phonological Awareness

14–Play Phonological Awareness Games:
Pair your students in two teams. One team will say words and the other team has to say a word with the sound it ends on
For example: one team may say the word “red.” The other team will need to say a word like “dog” since the word red ends with “d.”
This type of game can be difficult for some kids, so feel free to modify it with flashcards, pictures, or other ways to assist kids. If it’s too frustrating for them, they will not feel confident to play, which will lead to possible tantrums.
15–Get Kids to Call Out Rhyming Words With You

16–Form Various Words With The Same Set of Sounds
17–Play Rhyming Games With Nonsense Words:
Kids love gibberish! Plus, using nonsense words heightens their awareness of word sounds and word parts.
18–Try basic tongue twisters: (you will have kids rolling in laughter!)
She sells sea shells on the sea shore, but the shells she sells are not the real sea shells’. It’s better to start with the first four words, and slowly add the rest meaningfully in steps, or it might turn into a gibberish spewing noisy classroom!

What’s the Absolute Best Way to Teach Children to Read?

Kids learn at their own pace.

As no two kids are alike, teachers really have to individually nurture each child on their reading journey. So there’s no ONE absolute best way to teach reading to every single child.

This post features lots of effective ways to teach reading to beginners so that you have more than one strategy to try.

Here Are More Helpful Posts on Reading Instruction For You:

The Best Free Literacy Apps
11 Children’s Books Written by Celebrities
Using Life Lessons to Teach Children’s Literature
Books that Teach Socio-Emotional Skills

Here’s hoping for wonderful journeys in the world of reading!

Author Bio: Sophia is a newbie online ESL/EFL instructor. She is a passionate educator and blogs about education on her personal blog. She found her true calling — teaching — while she was juggling writing and a 9-5 desk job.

3 Methods of teaching reading to children

Learning how to read is one of the most important things a child will do before the age of 10. That’s because everything from vocabulary growth to performance across all major subjects at school is linked to reading ability. The Phonics Method teaches children to pair sounds with letters and blend them together to master the skill of decoding.

The Whole-word Approach teaches kids to read by sight and relies upon memorization via repeat exposure to the written form of a word paired with an image and an audio. The goal of the Language Experience Method is to teach children to read words that are meaningful to them. Vocabulary can then be combined to create stories that the child relates to. Yet while there are various approaches to reading instruction, some work better than others for children who struggle with learning difficulties.

The most common kind of dyslexia, phonological dyslexia, causes individuals to have trouble hearing the sounds that make up words. This makes it difficult for them to sound out words in reading and to spell correctly. Dyslexic learners may therefore benefit from a method that teaches whole-word reading and de-emphasizes the decoding process.

Orton Gillingham is a multi-sensory approach that has been particularly effective for dyslexic children. It combines visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile learning to teach a program of English phonics, allowing children to proceed at a pace that suits them and their ability.

No two students will learn to read in exactly the same way, thus remaining flexible in your approach is key. It can be useful to combine methods, teach strategies and provide the right classroom accommodations, particularly for students who have specific learning differences. Remember that motivation is key and try to be patient so as to avoid introducing any negative associations with school and learning.

Learn more about motivating children to read, different kinds of dyslexia, identifying dyslexia, the Orton-Gillingham approach to reading, and strategies to help children with dyslexia in these posts.

Pre-literacy skills

Children begin acquiring the skills they need to master reading from the moment they are born. In fact, an infant as young as six months old can already distinguish between the sounds of his or her mother tongue and a foreign language and by the age of 2 has mastered enough native phonemes to regularly produce 50+ words. Between the ages of 2-3 many children learn to recognize a handful of letters.

They may enjoy singing the alphabet song and reciting nursery rhymes, which helps them develop an awareness of the different sounds that make-up English words. As fine motor skills advance, so does the ability to write, draw and copy shapes, which eventually can be combined to form letters.

There are plenty of ways parents can encourage pre-literacy skills in children, including pointing out letters, providing ample opportunities for playing with language, and fostering an interest in books. It can be helpful to ask a child about their day and talk through routines to assist with the development of narrative skills.

Visit your local library and bookstore as often as possible. The more kids read with their parents, teachers and caregivers, the more books become a familiar and favorite pastime. Young children should be encouraged to participate in reading by identifying the pictures they recognize and turning the pages.

Discover more about fostering pre-literacy skills.

1. The Phonics Method

The smallest word-part that carries meaning is a phoneme. While we typically think of letters as the building blocks of language, phonemes are the basic units of spoken language. In an alphabetic language like English, sounds are translated into letters and letter combinations in order to represent words on the page. Reading thus relies on an individual’s ability to decode words into a series of sounds. Encoding is the opposite process and is how we spell.

The Phonics Method is concerned with helping a child learn how to break words down into sounds, translate sounds into letters and combine letters to form new words. Phonemes and their corresponding letters may be taught based on their frequency in English words. Overall there are 40 English phonemes to master and different programs take different approaches to teaching them. Some materials introduce word families with rhyming words grouped together. It’s also possible to teach similarly shaped letters or similar sounding letters together.

The Phonics Method is one of the most popular and commonly used methods. In the beginning progress may be slow and reading out loud halting, but eventually the cognitive processes involved in translating between letters and sounds are automatized and become more fluent. However, English is not always spelled the way it sounds. This means some words can’t be sounded out and need to be learned through memorization.

2. The Whole-word Approach

This method teaches reading at the word level. Because it skips the decoding process, students are not sounding out words but rather learning to say the word by recognizing its written form. Context is important and providing images can help. Familiar words may initially be presented on their own, then in short sentences and eventually in longer sentences. As their vocabulary grows, children begin to extract rules and patterns that they can use to read new words.

Reading via this method is an automatic process and is sometimes called sight-reading. After many exposures to a word children will sight-read the majority of the vocabulary they encounter, only sounding out unfamiliar terms.

Sight-reading is faster and facilitates reading comprehension because it frees up cognitive attention for processing new words. That’s why it is often recommended that children learn to read high frequency English vocabulary in this way. The Dolch word list is a set of terms that make-up 50-75% of the vocabulary in English children’s books.

Learn more about teaching sight-reading and the Dolch List.

3. The Language Experience Method

Learning to read nonsense words in a black-and-white activity book is not always the most effective approach. The Language Experience Method of teaching reading is grounded in personalized learning where the words taught are different for every child. The idea is that learning words that the child is already familiar with will be easier.

Teachers and parents can then create unique stories that use a child’s preferred words in different configurations. Children can draw pictures that go with them and put them together in a folder to create a special reading book. You can look for these words in regular children’s fiction and use them to guess at the meaning of unknown words met in a context – an important comprehension strategy that will serve kids in later grades.

8 Tips for parents

No matter which method or methods you use, keep these tips in mind:

Read as often as possible. Develop a routine where you read a book together in the morning or in the evening. You may start by reading aloud but have the child participate by running a finger along the text. Make reading fun, include older children and reserve some family reading time where everyone sits together with their own book to read for half an hour—adults included!
Begin with reading material that the child is interested in. If he or she has a favorite subject, find a book full of related vocabulary to boost motivation.
Let the child choose his or her own book. When an individual has agency and can determine how the learning process goes, he or she is more likely to participate. Take children to libraries or bookstores and encourage them to explore books and decide what they would like to read.
Consider graded readers. As a child develops his or her reading ability, you will want to increase the challenge of books moving from materials that present one word per page to longer and longer sentences, and eventually, paragraph level text. If you’re not sure a book is at the right level for your child, try counting how many unfamiliar words it contains per page. You can also take the opposite approach and check to see how many Dolch words are present.
Talk about what you see on the page. Use books as a way to spur conversation around a topic and boost vocabulary by learning to read words that are pictured but not written. You can keep a special journal where you keep a record of the new words. They will be easier to remember because they are connected through the story.
Avoid comparisons with peers. Every child learns to read at his or her own pace. Reading is a personal and individual experience where a child makes meaning and learns more about how narrative works as he or she develops stronger skills.
Don’t put too much pressure. Forcing a child into reading when he or she is not ready can result in negative reactions and cause more harm than good.
Do speak with your child’s teacher. If your child doesn’t enjoy reading and struggles with decoding and/or sight reading, it may be due to a specific learning difficulty. It’s advised you first discuss it with your child’s teacher who may recommend an assessment by a specialist.

Learning difficulties

If reading is particularly challenging and your child isn’t making progress there could be a specific learning difficulty such as dyslexia or ADHD that is causing the problem. Conditions like dyslexia are hereditary and it’s not unlikely that another family member will also have a hard time with reading. Visual processing, visual impairment and hearing impairment can also cause reading difficulties.

In the case of the latter, if you can’t hear the words it’s hard to identify the sounds inside them and develop an understanding of phonics. Hearing impairment based reading difficulties are a common issue in teaching children with Down syndrome to read.

Orton-Gillingham

Orton-Gillingham is an approach designed to help struggling readers. It’s based on the work of Dr. Samuel Orton and Dr. Anna Gillingham and has been in use for the past 80+ years. Orton-Gillingham allows every child to proceed at a pace that is right for him or her and introduces English phonics in a multi-sensory way.

For example, children may see a letter combination, say it aloud and trace it in the air with their finger. Rich sensory experiences help to enhance learning and can be provided using different materials like drawing in sand, dirt, shaving cream or chocolate pudding. Children may form letters using their hands or move in a rhythmic way that mimics the syllables in a word. Singing, dancing, art activities and plenty of repetition develop reading skills.

Learn more in this post on taking a multi-sensory approach to reading.

Touch-typing and multi-sensory reading

TTRS is a touch-typing program that follows the Orton-Gillingham approach and teaches reading in a multi-sensory way. Children see a word on the screen, hear it read aloud and type it. They use muscle memory in the fingers to remember spelling – which is particularly important for children who have dyslexia-- and practice with high frequency words that build English phonics knowledge and decoding skills. Learning happens via bite-size modules that can be repeated as often as is needed. Progress is shown through automatized feedback and result graphs build confidence and motivation.

Learn more

Children as young as 6-7 can begin learning to type as soon as their hands are big enough to rest comfortably on the keyboard. Discover more about teaching kids to type and the benefits of typing in these posts.

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Knowledge of foreign languages in the modern world is not just an important, but a truly necessary skill for a person. It is best to start learning them in childhood. At an early age, this process takes place as quickly as possible, and the knowledge gained is stored for life. One of the key criteria that allows you to assess the level of language proficiency is the ability to read. That is why it is so important to develop this skill along with listening and speaking.

How do you know if a child is ready to learn?

Before you start learning English with your child, it is necessary to assess his psychological and physical readiness. Thus, you can decide on the training scheme and make it as comfortable and interesting as possible for the child. Pay attention to how well your baby speaks, whether he confuses words with a similar phonetic sound. Each child is individual. One is shy, the other is restless, based on this, build classes. For an active baby, choose mobile types of activities, for a calm one - exercises that require concentration.

An interesting fact: you can learn a foreign language from the age of one. In the centers of "Polyglotiki" for kids of this age there are separate groups. Classes are suitable even for those who do not yet know how to speak. Teachers perform finger gymnastics with kids, repeat active movements, dance and communicate. Children who are in the learning environment from an early age show excellent results in a few years and in many ways surpass their peers who have recently begun classes. This is the main evidence of the effectiveness of early development.

Where do children start when they are learning to read?

When a child is very young and is taught to read in Russian, parents show him the letters, introduce him to spelling and pronunciation. Each lesson turns into an entertaining game. Many sing songs or recite poems, pronouncing the letters correctly several times. After this, the child is taught a combination of syllables and only then reading. The same is true with learning English. Always start with the basics. The first step is to learn the alphabet, introduce the baby to new letters during the game. Choose the one that will give the most fruitful effect. Here again, one should not forget about the temperament and character of the child, it is important to offer him something that will really captivate.

This can sometimes be difficult to understand. In order to avoid mistakes and not to retrain the baby after, it is better to immediately turn to professionals. A competent teacher will initially put the correct pronunciation. To achieve this, the Polyglottics centers have specially developed their own methodology and their own educational programs based on communicative immersion. Classes are conducted only by experienced professionals. Such an integrated approach allows you to quickly and easily learn English.

Alphabet

To learn the alphabet correctly, you need to learn how to read the transcription. Difficult? We don't think! If done correctly, the child will easily cope with such a task. Draw large bright letters on a piece of paper, preferably one at a time, sign the transcription of the sound below.

Children perceive everything visually very well. By showing the letter along with the transcription, you can easily convey the necessary information to the child. In the future, he will be able to work with a dictionary without difficulty. This is due to the fact that the visual channel of perception of information is one of the leading in the child. That is why for easy memorization in the centers of "Polyglotics" they use visualization, show objects, turning the learning process into a game.

Here are a few more rules for learning English letters:

play associations, turn on your imagination. Learn not just a letter, but also words that begin with it;
do not learn more than five words per lesson, do not overload the baby's memory, otherwise he will forget everything;
use bright visual materials, use coloring books, books, cartoons;
reinforce the material with exercises;
turn learning into a game and repeat the learned letters throughout the day.

Be creative, play with your child! Remember, everything must be spoken out loud. When repeating a letter, give examples of words, as the phonetic sound can change. The child must get used to the fact that the same letter is not always pronounced the same way. English in Polyglot.

Rules for reading English vowels

English does not have as many vowels as Russian, only six. It is noteworthy that each of them can be pronounced in four different ways. Tip: teach your child to read the same type of words without hesitation, that is, without hesitation. This will make it easier for him to remember the pronunciation. Read aloud and it will give excellent results.

Letter combinations in English

Not only vowels, but also consonants are tricky in English. A combination of two or three letters can make one sound. There are also letters that are not pronounced. Children often do not understand why they write letters, so that later they will not be read. These features of the phonetic section should immediately be explained to the child. Explain that the meaning of words can change due to the absence of any letter. Also in English there are exception words that sound completely different and do not lend themselves to any rules. They just need to be remembered.

Features of the pronunciation of English sounds

As you already understood, the topic of pronunciation is very interesting and full of features. This is where the ability to read transcription is necessary in order to understand how to correctly reproduce the word. Be sure to use transcription in training for the first time, so you do not have to correct mistakes.

It is important to learn all the pronunciation lessons at once, for this it is not enough just to learn the rules. You must listen to audio recordings in English. It can be films, educational stories or just dialogues. Most importantly, the source should be a native speaker. In the centers of "Polyglotiki" teachers who are native speakers often work. Children are delighted to interact with them! In the classroom, they easily delve into the theory and study the features of the phonetic section.

Open syllable

Open syllable is a syllable that ends in a vowel. The word "same" has an open syllable because there is no consonant after the "E". Open syllable rules: the pronunciation of letters is the same as in the alphabet.

Try to read the examples correctly:

name [neɪm] - name
fly [flaɪ] - flight
Use [ˈjuːs] - use
take [teɪk] - take

Closed syllable

In a closed syllable, the word ends in a consonant, or there is a combination of two vowels. Here the sound of the vowels changes.

Test yourself and read examples:

Dog [dɔːɡ] - dog
Cup [kʌp]
pen [pen] - pen
good [ɡʊd] - good

Vowel + R

When a vowel is combined with an "R", the vowel will be read as follows. Burn - to burn

Vowel + R + vowel

If after the combination of a vowel with "R" there is a vowel, then the syllables are divided into diphthongs, triphthongs. Sounds scary, especially for kids. But these are just complex sounds that consist of two or three letters, but are read as one.

letter

Transcription

Example

[ɛə]

FARE - Payment for fare

O 9017 O 9017 O 9017 O 9017 O 9017 O 9017O

[ɔː ɔː]

more - more than

[ɪə]

TYRA - tire

[Jʊə]

DURING - in the course of

DURING

How to teach a child to read English quickly?

Learning to read vowels correctly

As we noted earlier, it is vowels that cause the main difficulties during reading, as they can sound differently, depending on their position. Difficulties include diphthongs. Now you know that they are read differently than in the alphabet. Below are combinations that you need to know by heart.

Exercises for memorizing letters

For better assimilation of information, it is necessary to perform tasks for repetition. You can use ready-made recipes and work with them. Here are some options.

Exercises for memorizing similar letters

Option 1. Fill in the missing letters.

A B C _ _ F _ H _ J K L M _ _ P _ R _ T U V _ X _ Z

Option 2 Write the words below in lower case letters.

BALL -
FIVE-

LONG -
BAD -

FROG -

Option 3 Write the words below in capital letters.

rain -
lemon -

yellow -
small -

Option 4. Write the alphabet. All vowels are in capital letters and all consonants are in capital letters.

A few more tasks to help your child learn to read in English.

Read the transcription and write the letter

9ntri] -

[bɔɪ] -

[bɒks] -

[læmp] -

Read words with an open syllable

Age;
Bike;
Plane;
Face;
Cake;
These.

Read words with a closed syllable

Contact;
Apple;
Bridge;
Fridge;
Uncle;
Dance.

You can teach your child to read English by yourself. To do this, be creative with the process. Don't make it painfully long, turn it into a game. Children pick up new information quickly. Regularly repeating the studied material, the baby will easily remember everything! However, if in the process of teaching a child you continually encounter difficulties and are afraid of harming him, then it is better to trust professional teachers.

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Overview of methods for teaching reading in English

There are many author's methods for teaching reading.

JOLLY PHONICS The is the most common in the UK and was developed in the 1980s.

The technique distinguishes 42 phonetic sounds that exist in the English language. Sounds are divided into 7 groups, and children master all groups in turn. Children learn to hear, pronounce and recognize sounds in order to divide words into sounds and make words out of sounds.

For example, the first group is the sounds s, a, t, i, p, n. Having learned them, the child will begin to read words such as sit, pan, sat, spin, pit (i.e. words where the letters are read the same way as in the alphabet).

Each sound is accompanied by a special song and gestures that characterize or resemble that sound, making lessons fun and engaging kinesthetic awareness.
So, when getting acquainted with the sound [s], children depict a snake similar to “s” with their hands and pronounce “sss”. Showing [t], they turn their heads from side to side, as if they are watching tennis, and say "ttt".

You can purchase workbooks, textbooks and a teacher's manual.

LETTERLAND and GENKI PHONICS

Two more author's methods based on phonics, like Jolly Phonics (that is, we teach the child sounds, not letters, we add words from sounds). Genki Phonics promises to teach a child to read in 7 hours)) And Letterland has a representative office in Russia and a website in Russian.

COLOR READING (V. Meshcheryakova)

Included in the third step of Valeria Meshcheryakova's "I Love English" course. Classes at the “I CAN READ⁠” level are structured as follows: the entire lesson develops speaking, and 10 minutes at the end of the lesson are devoted to learning to read.

Color Reading helps children to read and immediately understand what they already know well by ear and actively use in speech, and at the lesson it remains for them to immediately translate this understanding into reading a black and white text.

26 English letters, each with up to 12 readings, converted into color letters, each with only 1 reading.

All letters are read differently depending on their color and thickness. For example, all yellow letters are read as a neutral sound, all unfilled letters are not read at all. The wider the letter, the longer the sound; the thinner the letter, the shorter the sound.

Further, words and texts are formed from these color letters, which children read immediately without errors, since it is simply impossible to read them in another way - each color letter has a single reading option.

COLOR (O. Soboleva)

This is a method of teaching text reading with color elaboration of rhymed endings. The method allows you to start reading very quickly, and immediately artistically.

First, the child is told about the plot of the song or poem in the language of images and gestures, without translation.

Then the song is turned on, the same images and gestures are repeated, but this time accompanied by singing and music.

Next, the text is shown to the child, and the adult moves his finger over it (later the child himself does this). The child, singing along, will at first catch only the syllables that are under stress, he will “purr” the rest, conveying mainly vowels.