Tongue twisting words
Perfect Your Pronunciation With These 100 English Tongue Twisters
Diana Lăpușneanu in Language Tips | August 23, 2019
Ready to have a laugh and twist your tongue into a knot?
Tongue twisters of all sorts and sizes have been helping people to perfect their pronunciation in English for decades. Although they don’t make a lot of sense, tongue twisters are very helpful in speech therapy due to their repeated sounds. For this reason, they are used by actors, politicians and even news anchors before going live. Essentially, a tongue twister works like a physical exercise: the more you practice, the better your pronunciation will be.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a tongue twister is “a sentence or phrase that is intended to be difficult to say, especially when repeated quickly and often”
. If you too want to improve or perfect your English pronunciation, dive into the complete list of English tongue twisters listed below: from short tongue twisters to tongue twisters for kids and hard tongue twisters to further challenge your pronunciation.
- Short tongue twisters
- Long tongue twisters
- Hard tongue twister
- Tongue twisters for kids
- Funny tongue twisters
- Tongue twisters with S, R, L and TH
- Learn a language in 5 minutes a day
Before trying the hard English tongue twisters for champions who talk fast, let’s warm up your speech muscles with some short and fairly easy tongue twisters for beginners.
- Eleven benevolent elephants.
- She sees cheese.
- Six sticky skeletons.
- Truly rural.
- Each Easter Eddie eats eighty Easter eggs.
- Which witch is which?
- Willy’s real rear wheel.
- Send toast to ten tense stout saints’ ten tall tents.
- Six sleek swans swam swiftly southwards.
- Scissors sizzle, thistles sizzle.
- A happy hippo hopped and hiccupped.
- English can be understood through tough thorough thought, though.
- Cooks cook cupcakes quickly.
- Really leery, rarely Larry.
- Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs.
- A snake sneaks to seek a snack.
- I like New York, unique New York, I like unique New York.
- Six Czech cricket critics.
- Babbling baby boys blurted boldly.
- Which wrist watches are Swiss wrist watches?
- How can a clam cram in a clean cream can?
- An ape hates grape cakes.
- Fred fed Ted bread and Ted fed Fred bread.
- I saw a kitten eating chicken in the kitchen.
- Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?
- Imagine an imaginary menagerie manager managing an imaginary menagerie.
- She sells seashells by the seashore.
- Gobbling gargoyles gobbled gobbling goblins.
- Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely.
- Billy Bob blabbered boldly.
When it comes to long tongue twisters and talking fast, we can’t help but think about Eminem.
Did you know that he raps with a whopping speed of 11.4 syllables per second in his song “Rap God”? We don’t know much about rap, but that sure sounds like something only the God of Rap could do.
But Eminem’s songs and long tongue twisters are challenging for those who are not ready for long runs. Are you? Can you defeat Eminem? Let’s find out. Take a deep breath and try saying the following tongue twister without stopping.
- All I want is a proper cup of coffee.
Made in a proper copper coffee pot.
You can believe it or not.
But I want a cup of coffee from a proper copper pot.
Tin coffee pots or iron coffee pots, they’re not good to me.
If I can’t have a proper cup of coffee from a proper copper coffee pot, I’ll just have tea.
All I want is a proper cup of coffee.
Made in a proper copper coffee pot.
You can believe it or not.
But I want a cup of coffee from a proper copper pot. - To sit in solemn silence in a dull, dark dock,
In a pestilential prison, with a life-long lock,
Awaiting the sensation of a short, sharp shock,
From a cheap and chippy chopper on a big black block!
To sit in solemn silence in a dull, dark dock,
In a pestilential prison, with a life-long lock,
Awaiting the sensation of a short, sharp shock,
From a cheap and chippy chopper on a big black block!
A dull, dark dock, a life-long lock,
A short, sharp shock, a big black block!
To sit in solemn silence in a pestilential prison,
And awaiting the sensation
From a cheap and chippy chopper on a big black block! - Betty Botter bought some butter but, said she, the butter’s bitter.
If I put it in my batter, it will make my batter bitter.
But a bit of better butter will make my bitter batter better.
So she bought some better butter, better than the bitter butter,
put it in her bitter batter, made her bitter batter better.
So ‘t was better Betty Botter bought some better butter. - I’m a mother pheasant plucker, I pluck mother pheasants.
I’m the most pleasant mother pheasant plucker to ever pluck a mother pheasant.
I’m not the pheasant plucker I’m the pheasant plucker’s wife, I’ve been plucking Mother pheasants my whole pheasant plucking life.
I’m not the pheasant plucker I’m the pheasant plucker’s mate, I’m only plucking Pheasants ’cause the pheasant plucker’s late. - A tree-toad loved a she-toad
Who lived up in a tree.
He was a two-toed tree-toad,
But a three-toed toad was she.
The two-toed tree-toad tried to win
The three-toed she-toad’s heart,
For the two-toed tree-toad loved the ground
That the three-toed tree-toad trod.
But the two-toed tree-toad tried in vain;
He couldn’t please her whim.
From her tree-toad bower,
With her three-toed power,
The she-toad vetoed him.
- Mr. See owned a saw.
And Mr. Soar owned a seesaw.
Now, See’s saw sawed Soar’s seesaw
Before Soar saw See,
Which made Soar sore.
Had Soar seen See’s saw
Before See sawed Soar’s seesaw,
See’s saw would not have sawed
Soar’s seesaw.
So See’s saw sawed Soar’s seesaw.
But it was sad to see Soar so sore
just because See’s saw sawed
Soar’s seesaw. - Ned Nott was shot and Sam Shott was not.
So it is better to be Shott than Nott.
Some say Nott was not shot.
But Shott says he shot Nott.
Either the shot Shott shot at Nott was not shot,
Or Nott was shot.
If the shot Shott shot shot Nott, Nott was shot.
But if the shot Shott shot shot Shott,
Then Shott was shot, not Nott.
However, the shot Shott shot shot not Shott, but Nott.
- Theophilus Thistle, the Thistle Sifter,
Sifted a sieve of unsifted thistles.
If Theophilus Thistle, the Thistle Sifter,
Sifted a sieve of unsifted thistles,
Where is the sieve of un-sifted thistles
Theophilus Thistle, the Thistle Sifter, sifted? - A flea and a fly in a flue
Said the fly “Oh what should we do”
Said the flea” Let us fly
Said the fly “Let us flee”
So they flew through a flaw in the flue. - Of all the felt I ever felt,
I never felt a piece of felt
which felt as fine as that felt felt,
when first I felt that felt hat’s felt.
While we’re at it, we can help but wonder what the hardest tongue twister in existence is. Contrary to popular belief, it’s not supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.
At one point, “the sixth sick sheikh’s sixth sheep’s sick” held the Guinness World Record for the hardest twister, but since the category no longer exists, the title was probably revoked.
Don’t worry though! We are not running out of options. In 2013, MIT researchers concluded that “pad kid poured curd pulled cod” is the hardest tongue twister in the world. In fact, Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel, an MIT psychologist, says you will get a prize if you manage to say that 10 times quickly. And not any kind of “quickly”. We’re talking super-sonic-Eminem-quickly!
- Pad kid poured curd pulled cod.
- If you must cross a course cross cow across a crowded cow crossing, cross the cross coarse cow across the crowded cow crossing carefully.
- Brisk brave brigadiers brandished broad bright blades, blunderbusses, and bludgeons — balancing them badly.
- Six sick hicks nick six slick bricks with picks and sticks.
- Can you can a canned can into an un-canned can like a canner can can a canned can into an un-canned can?
- The sixth sick sheikh’s sixth sheep’s sick.
- Rory the warrior and Roger the worrier were reared wrongly in a rural brewery.
- Ingenious iguanas improvising an intricate impromptu on impossibly-impractical instruments.
- I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop
Where she shines, she sits, and where she sits, she shines. - When a doctor doctors a doctor, does the doctor doing the doctoring doctor as the doctor being doctored wants to be doctored or does the doctor doing the doctoring doctor as he wants to doctor?
- These thousand tricky tongue twisters trip thrillingly off the tongue.
- Thirty-three thirsty, thundering thoroughbreds thumped Mr. Thurber on Thursday.
- Brisk brave brigadiers brandished broad bright blades, blunderbusses, and bludgeons—balancing them badly.
- A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk, but the stump thunk the skunk stunk.
- Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.
- He threw three free throws.
- Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear.
- Many an anemone sees an enemy anemone.
- Chop shops stock chops.
Tongue twisters for kids are all sweet, fun, and games until you increase the speed. If you haven’t had enough training, even they can tie your tongue into a Gordian knot. Literally.
Take a little brother, sister, or your own kid, and let’s see who wins the challenge!
- Blue bluebird.
- Four fine fresh fish for you.
- Daddy Draws Doors.
- Three free throws.
- The big bug bit the little beetle.
- Friendly fleas and fireflies.
- Fresh fried fish.
- The raging ram runs ’round rugged Ricky to hit Mickey.
- Specific Pacific.
- Tommy tossed his twelfth tooth when it turned two times.
- Fred fed Ted bread and Ted fed Fred bread.
- Betty’s big bunny bobbled by the blueberry bush.
- Six sticky skeletons.
- Green glass globes glow greenly.
- Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear.
Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair. Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn’t very fuzzy, was he? - If a dog chews shoes, whose shoes does he choose?
- Rubber baby buggy bumpers.
- I scream, you scream,
We all scream for ice cream. - Bouncing bed bugs borrowed blankets.
- Perspicacious Polly Perkins purchased Peter’s product
And peddled pickles to produce a pretty profit!
Our all-time favorite: funny tongue twisters! You’d think all tongue twisters are funny, but nothing compares to this exclusive selection. In fact, you probably heard these ones before. Everybody calls them „funny” for a reason!
Don’t forget to challenge your friends!
- Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers;
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked;
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. - How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would
if a woodchuck could chuck wood.
- She sells seashells on the seashore.
The shells she sells are seashells, I’m sure.
And if she sells seashells on the seashore,
Then I’m sure she sells seashore shells. - Birdie birdie in the sky laid a turdie in my eye.
If cows could fly I’d have a cow pie in my eye. - How much ground would a groundhog hog, if a groundhog could hog ground? A groundhog would hog all the ground he could hog, if a groundhog could hog ground.
- Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread.
Spread it thick, say it quick!
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread.
Spread it thicker, say it quicker!
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread.
Don’t eat with your mouth full! - I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.
- Luke Luck likes lakes.
Luke’s duck likes lakes.
Luke Luck licks lakes.
Luck’s duck licks lakes.
Duck takes licks in lakes Luke Luck likes.
Luke Luck takes licks in lakes duck likes.
Tongue twisters with S, R, L and TH
As we already mentioned, tongue twisters can be extremely helpful for speech therapy. If you are having problems pronouncing certain sounds like “s”, “r”, “l” or “th”, practicing with the right tongue twisters can ameliorate your speech impediment. Here are a few examples:
Tongue twisters with S
- She sells seashells by the seashore of Seychelles.
- “Surely Sylvia swims!” shrieked Sammy surprised. “Someone should show Sylvia some strokes so she shall not sink.”
- Selfish shellfish. (repeat it several times)
Tongue twisters with R and L
- Red lorry, yellow lorry.
- A really leery Larry rolls readily to the road.
- Rory’s lawn rake rarely rakes really right.
- Lucky rabbits like to cause a ruckus.
- I looked right at Larry’s rally and left in a hurry.
- Round and round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran.
Tongue twisters with TH
- The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.
- I thought a thought.
But the thought I thought
Wasn’t the thought I thought I thought.
If the thought I thought I thought,
Had been the thought I thought,
I wouldn’t have thought I thought. - Something in a thirty-acre thermal thicket of thorns and thistles thumped and thundered threatening the three-D thoughts of Matthew the thug – although, theatrically, it was only the thirteen-thousand thistles and thorns through the underneath of his thigh that the thirty-year-old thug thought of that morning.
- Thirty-three thousand feathers on a thrushes throat.
The world-famous Peter Piper tongue twister first appeared in print sometime in 1813, in a book called “Peter Piper’s Practical Principles of Plain and Perfect Pronunciation”, though it is believed that it may have already been in common use by that time.
Fast forward to today, people all around the world still love to have a laugh and twist their tongues with this rhyme and many others. And now you do too.
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50 Tongue Twisters to improve pronunciation in English · engVid
by Alex
Tongue twisters are a great way to practice and improve pronunciation and fluency.
They can also help to improve accents by using alliteration, which is the repetition of one sound. They’re not just for kids, but are also used by actors, politicians, and public speakers who want to sound clear when speaking. Below, you will find some of the most popular English tongue twisters. Say them as quickly as you can. If you can master them, you will be a much more confident speaker.
- Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? - Betty Botter bought some butter
But she said the butter’s bitter
If I put it in my batter, it will make my batter bitter
But a bit of better butter will make my batter better
So ‘twas better Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter - How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood
As a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood - She sells seashells by the seashore
- How can a clam cram in a clean cream can?
- I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream
- I saw Susie sitting in a shoeshine shop
- Susie works in a shoeshine shop.
Where she shines she sits, and where she sits she shines - Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear. Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair. Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn’t fuzzy, was he?
- Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?
- I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late
- You know New York, you need New York, you know you need unique New York
- I saw a kitten eating chicken in the kitchen
- If a dog chews shoes, whose shoes does he choose?
- I thought I thought of thinking of thanking you
- I wish to wash my Irish wristwatch
- Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear
- Eddie edited it
- Willie’s really weary
- A big black bear sat on a big black rug
- Tom threw Tim three thumbtacks
- He threw three free throws
- Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely
- So, this is the sushi chef
- Four fine fresh fish for you
- Wayne went to wales to watch walruses
- Six sticky skeletons (x3)
- Which witch is which? (x3)
- Snap crackle pop (x3)
- Flash message (x3)
- Red Buick, blue Buick (x3)
- Red lorry, yellow lorry (x3)
- Thin sticks, thick bricks (x3)
- Stupid superstition (x3)
- Eleven benevolent elephants (x3)
- Two tried and true tridents (x3)
- Rolling red wagons (x3)
- Black back bat (x3)
- She sees cheese (x3)
- Truly rural (x3)
- Good blood, bad blood (x3)
- Pre-shrunk silk shirts (x3)
- Ed had edited it.
(x3) - We surely shall see the sun shine soon
- Which wristwatches are Swiss wristwatches?
- Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed Fred bread
- I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit
- A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk, but the stump thunk the skunk stunk
- Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better
- Of all the vids I’ve ever viewed, I’ve never viewed a vid as valued as Alex’s engVid vid
Practice some common tongue twisters with me in this video:
If your child has an erased form of dysarthria.
Many children with disabilities come to the speech therapist at the CPC. Most of them are diagnosed with dysarthria, but they look quite normal, like all ordinary children. And the terrible word "dysarthria" does not seem to suit them at all. After all, dysarthria means a violation of the supply of a nerve signal from the brain to the muscles of the articulatory apparatus, as a result of which the face is inactive, amimic, the lips are clamped or the corners are lowered down. For some, the mouth does not close and the tongue falls out of the mouth. Recently, there have been a lot of dysarthric children with mobile facial muscles, emotional, smiling well, many do not even have salivation, but when you ask to stick out your tongue, you see a depressing picture. The tongue is thick, tense, when stretched it shrinks into a ball. It immediately becomes clear that this is dysarthria, but since there are no obvious external signs and signs of a violation of the prosodic side of speech, we diagnose an erased form of dysarthria.
It is often confused with complex dyslalia, since the pronunciation of many sounds is disturbed here and there, but with dyslalia, the child’s tongue is quite normal, and with dysarthria, it is hyper or hypotonic. How to treat the erased form of dysarthria - we will tell in detail. nine0003
Signs of obliterated dysarthria.
Typically, dysarthric children are distinguished by clumsiness, impaired coordinated movements, and underdevelopment of finger motor skills. They hardly master the skills of fastening buttons, lacing, do not know how to hold scissors, do not like to draw and sculpt. But in practice in recent years there have been many children 5-7 years old with good coordination and developed fine motor skills of their hands, they love to draw, paint, sculpt, hold a pencil well, successfully cope with shading. Signs of the disease are visible only on the face, and even then not in everyone. One of the noticeable signs of erased dysarthria: a static sedentary face, tense lips or, conversely, sagging lips and cheeks, the mouth does not close.
nine0003
Of particular interest in the erased form of dysarthria is the tongue. In most cases, the tongue is thick, massive, and when pulled out, the back of the tongue tenses and gathers into a ball. Due to this, the pronunciation of many sounds is difficult for the child. When pronouncing hard sounds, soft sounds are heard, since the back of the tongue automatically rises to the sky, as a result, instead of [n] we hear [n '], instead of [b] - [b '], instead of [s] - [s '], instead of [s] - [s '], etc. The tense back of the tongue closes the hole for the free passage of the air stream, so whistling and hissing sounds have an overtone [c]. When syllables and words are repeated, many sounds acquire overtones [l']. For example, tya-tya-tya sounds like tlyat-tlyat-tlya. The tip of the tongue with erased dysarthria is usually not expressed, that is, it is impossible to determine where the tip is. Often, due to the paresis of the muscles of the tongue, the child cannot lift it up, lick the upper lip, and reach the upper teeth with the tip.
In this regard, the baby does not have hissing sounds and [p].
Many children there is a deviation - deviation of the tongue in the direction of the paralyzed muscle. When you ask the child to pull out the tongue and hold it on the lower lip for a count of five, the tongue shakes, trembles and strives to move to the side. This is a clear sign of dysarthria. Due to hyperkinesis, the pronunciation of a group of whistling, hissing and sonorous sounds is disturbed, and prosody also suffers. Speech is inexpressive, slurred, inarticulate, monotonous, often quiet, with a slight crackle in the sound, nothing can be made out. They say about such children: "he has porridge in his mouth." nine0003
A distinctive feature of dysarthria is their unstable psyche. Such children often rush from one extreme to another. Either they are overly touchy, vulnerable, whiny, painfully react to every little thing, then they become aggressive, rude, refuse to study, talk, and even throw themselves at others with their fists.
Dysarthric children have very reduced motivation and motivation to learn.
Help for a child with an erased form of dysarthria.
The diagnosis of dysarthria is made only by a neurologist or therapist. If such a diagnosis is recorded in the child’s card, the approach to treating dysarthria should be comprehensive. The pedagogical intervention of one speech therapist is not enough. Here, medical support and a course of massage of the collar zone are required to relieve muscle tension in the neck, chin and organs of the articulatory apparatus. In the classroom with a speech therapist, in addition to training in sound pronunciation, manual massage of the face and probe tongue is necessary. nine0003
Manual speech therapy massage.
In case of hypertonicity, it is necessary to do a relaxing facial massage, in case of hypotonicity, firming. To normalize the muscle tone of the cheeks do the following exercises:
- Standing in front of the child, place two fingers, index and middle, under the lobes, pressing slightly, begin spiral movements along the cheeks past the corners of the mouth to the center of the chin (5-6 times ).
To strengthen the muscles of the cheeks - movements are made in the opposite direction from the center of the chin to the earlobes. nine0056 - With the index and middle fingers, to achieve the effect of relaxation, we make spiral movements with a slight pressure from the earlobes to the wings of the nose. The reverse movement is the compression effect.
- We place the fingers of the brush at the temples and move with smooth sliding movements to the center of the forehead, where we make a light pressure, like a point. It is important that the fingers are elastic, rounded and springy. The effect of relaxation is achieved, the opposite effect does not occur in practice. This exercise is best done while standing behind the child. nine0056
- To achieve the effect of relaxation: the fingers of the hands are placed on the pads near the hair zone, (standing in front of the child), we begin sliding movements along the forehead down to the eyebrows with strong pressure. At the eyebrows, the fingers diverge, trying to cover the entire face.
A sharp throw of the hands across the face to the neck is carried out, while the pads touch the face. Neck trapping is possible. - We place our thumbs at the bridge of the nose (to stand in front of the child), push through and start moving around the eyes, first moving to the lower part of the eyebrows and the edges of the eyes and returning to the bridge of the nose, the landmark is the bone on the bridge of the nose. On the soft part, the fingers should not slip off, pressing should be intense. nine0056
To relax the lips, use the following exercises:
- With index fingers, stretch the corners of the lips towards the ears, count to five - let go (better done behind the back of the child).
- Standing behind the child's back, place the index and middle fingers on the upper lip, stretch the lip as much as possible and then squeeze it as much as possible so that the lip folds seem to swell.
- Place the thumbs in the center on the lower lip, the rest of the brush is located under the chin.
Exercise is best performed in front of the object. We begin grinding pulling movements along the lip with a slight movement to the right, then to the left. nine0056 - We perform behind the back of the child. Index fingers set one on the left side of the upper lip, the other on the right side of the lower lip, move the fingers in opposite directions, moving the lips together with the fingers. A similar movement is performed in the opposite direction - "Arlekino".
Parents can do these simple exercises at home, but it is best to do them every day to enhance the effect. In speech therapy classes, a speech therapist also does a manual facial massage by connecting a probe tongue. nine0003
Correctional and pedagogical work.
At speech therapy classes, as well as at home every day, it is very important for a child with erased dysarthria to perform articulation exercises.
- To relax the tongue, the best exercise is “Knead the dough” : stick out the tongue, pronouncing “pya-pya-pya”, slap on the tongue with your lips, moving it back and forth, back and forth.
- To fix the upper rise of the tongue, it is useful to lick saucers after eating, spoons, and also perform exercise "Delicious jam" : lick the upper and lower lip alternately.
- "Let's brush our teeth" - run the tip of the tongue over the upper teeth, on one side, then on the other.
- "Painter " - we draw the tip of the tongue across the sky, as if we are painting the ceiling.
- When the muscles of the lateral edges of the tongue are paretic, exercise "Sled" is very useful : we pronounce the sound [And], at the same time we press the teeth on the lateral edges of the tongue, a hollow appears in the middle of the tongue like in a sleigh. nine0012
Parents should prepare in advance for the fact that the production of sounds in dysarthria is difficult and slow due to the peculiarities of the muscle tone of the tongue. Even more slowly is the automation of sounds from 3 to 7 months, this is a distinctive feature of corrective work in the case of erased dysarthria. Until about the middle of the 19th century, scientists believed that hereditary information is transmitted in much the same way as liquids are mixed in a glass - if you add red to white, you get pink. In the same way, for example, a European woman and an African man will have a mulatto child. Many tried to check how fair this was, but the first who was lucky to get an answer was the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel. For the first 35 years of his life, Mendel flunked all kinds of biology exams one after another, but this did not stop him in love for science - and instead of teaching, he began to conduct experiments on peas in the monastery garden, which took him about 7 years. By crossing plants that differed only in the color of the flowers (white and red), Mendel found that in the descendants of the first generation (later they would be called hybrids), all the flowers turn out to be the same color, red. Mendel carried out the same experiments with yellow and green peas, with plants producing smooth and wrinkled seeds. But that was only the first part of the experience. The restless monk continued to work like a bee, and in the literal sense of the word: he pollinated the flowers of the resulting hybrids with their own pollen. It would seem that here, for sure, all the flowers of the "descendants" should be the same color as those of the "parents". But, oddly enough, only 75% turned out to be red, and the remaining 25% were ... white. Mendel was a rather stubborn scientist, and before drawing any conclusions, he studied about 20,000 second-generation hybrids, processed the data obtained, and, thanks to his knowledge of probability theory, was able to formulate his greatest discovery. nine0003 The essence of Mendel's "gamete purity hypothesis" is quite simple. The germ cells of the "father" and "mother" carry (in addition to all other information) each of its own information about the color of the flower. Then Mendel did not yet know that the main carrier of information in living organisms is deoxyribonucleic acid, that is, DNA. Its longest molecules, like a tape, contain information about the details from which an animal or plant is "assembled" - the color of the eyes, the length of the tentacles, or the shape of the petals. One or more sections of DNA, called genes, are responsible for each of the traits. It is genes that “explain” to proteins what they should be, and from proteins (or with their direct participation) everything that will later be petals, tentacles or the iris of the eye is built. nine0003 Obviously, a pea flower with two "red" or two "white" genes will be red or white, respectively. And the most interesting begins when the genes responsible for red and white color are found in the plant. A funny example of a dominant gene in humans is the ability to roll the tongue into a tube. When both genes are dominant in a pair, this ability manifests itself, causing envy among classmates and kindergarten friends. But if one gene is dominant and the other is recessive, this tricky skill, as a rule, still needs to be learned. Needless to say, for those who have both recessive genes, it does not shine at all.
Surprisingly, often the automation of even the simplest sounds, such as [l '], takes a very long time. Parents sometimes think that speech therapy classes do not bring the desired results, but this is not so. nine0012 Classes always have at least a small, but result, since the muscles of the tongue relax gradually and with constant mechanical and physical impact. Practice shows that when using an integrated approach in the treatment of an erased form of dysarthria, the improvement in sound pronunciation occurs much faster. And with regular exposure to the tongue with probe massage, muscle tone returns to normal after three months of use. You just need to be patient and actively cooperate with a neurologist, masseur and speech therapist. nine0003 How the dominant gene works or why not everyone can roll their tongues — T&P the most extreme cases. Therefore, the terminology of this section remains mysterious and frightening for many. In fact, everything is not so difficult. In the "Just the Hard" section, T&P talk about these and much more complicated things.
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The result was the same every time - all hybrids were uniform. A trait that appeared in all plants in the first generation, Mendel began to call dominant. nine0003 
And in the process of fertilization, the new organism receives, respectively, two versions of these data. And how the flowers of young shoots will look depends on how the options compare. 
If the traits were inherited as Mendel's predecessors suggested, then such "half-hearted" plants would have a soft pink color. In fairness, it should be noted that in some species this happens, this phenomenon is called incomplete dominance. This means that neither gene can take over, and as a result, the influence of both genes is noticeable in the organism. In most organisms, some traits are able to completely suppress the presence of others. And suppressed, that is, recessive traits (such as the white color of a flower) can only appear when two absolutely identical recessive sets from both parents "meet" in the body. nine0003 
