What does dra level mean

Understanding Your Child's DRA Reading Level

The Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA) is an individually administered assessment of a child’s reading capabilities. It is a tool to be used by instructors to identify a students reading level, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension. Once levels are identified, an instructor can use this information for instructional planning purposes.

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DRA Testing
The DRA test is traditionally administered on an annual or semi-annual basis. The test measures nine categories of reading behavior and six types of errors. It was developed in 1986 (and revised in both 2000 and 2003) by a committee of educators and is intended to evaluate certain aspects of your child’s reading level.

How DRA Levels and Testing Work Together
Tasks measured by the DRA test are divided into several skill sets. Rhyming, alliteration, segmentation, and phonemic awareness are tested in the phonemic awareness section. Letter naming, word-list reading, spelling, decoding, analogies, structural analysis, and syllabication are tested in the alphabetic principle/phonics portions. Oral reading fluency or words per minute for contextual reading are tested under fluency. Vocabulary, comprehension, and reading engagement skills are also measured in the test.

After the test is evaluated and scored, your child is assigned a numeric (or alphanumeric for very early readers) DRA level A1 through 80. Children with stronger reading abilities yield higher numbers. Teachers are easily able to give children books they can read by choosing a text with the corresponding DRA level.

How to Find Books on Your Child’s Level
Once your teacher gives you your child’s level, you can search for books at a particular DRA level on Scholastic’s Book Wizard. By providing your child with books on his level at home, you are ensuring reading advancement and success with materials that will not cause your child stress or discouragement.

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How to 'Read' Your Child's Reading Scores

Is your child a G or an L? A 13 or a 24? As a second grader, is a DRA 32 a good reading score?

In most schools, and especially around report card time, kids come home with reports that detail a child's reading level. Oftentimes, these reports make little sense to parents. While most kids make terrific progress during the school year, parents sometimes struggle to make the same progress in interpreting reading scores and different leveling systems.

Most schools use one of three major leveling systems to define a child's reading level: Guided Reading, Reading Recovery, and Developmental Reading Assessment. Although some variations exist, the procedure for determining a child's reading score follows a sequence. First, a teacher (or school) chooses a benchmark book for a grading period. Then, each child sits one-on-one with a teacher and reads that book. The teacher reads along with a child and keeps track of the child's reading accuracy. After the story is read, teachers typically ask for a retelling of the book, or may ask some comprehension questions. With each assessment, a teacher is trying to find the level at which a child can read with 90 to 95% accuracy with good comprehension. That is considered your child's instructional reading level.

Here's a little about each leveling system, and a chart that shows you how they relate to each other and to a grade level assignment.

Guided Reading levels

This leveling system is based on the understanding that good teachers carefully match a reader with a book. Based on several characteristics of a book, such as text length, and vocabulary, books are assigned a Guided Reading letter. There are 26 levels, identified by letters A-Z (A being the easiest), and each book level has its own characteristics. If your child is "reading on a Level G," for example, he or she is able to read books with several events and a variety of characters. Sentences are longer than in previous levels, and the book may contain more difficult high-frequency words.

Reading Recovery

This leveling system is based on Reading Recovery, a one-on-one intervention program designed for low achieving first graders. Books used within this intervention program are grouped by characteristics and range from 1-50 (1 being the easiest). As with Guided Reading, books within a certain level share similar features. If your child is, "reading on a Level 2," he or she is able to follow a pattern within a book after it has been introduced by the teacher.

Developmental Reading Assessment

The Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA) is a series of leveled books and recording sheets designed to allow teachers to determine students' reading accuracy, fluency, and comprehension levels. Texts range from A-80 (A being the easiest). In most schools, teachers collect DRA information at the end of each grading period to determine student progress. Students are determined to be near, at, or above grade level, below grade level, or significantly below grade level based on their performance.

As a parent, it's important to understand the leveling system used at your school and how your child is doing toward meeting grade level expectations. Keep track of those letters and numbers being sent home, and if you don't see progress in your child's reading level, make an appointment to sit down with the teacher.

Network core switches - what they are, what they are for and what they look like / Sudo Null IT News This is understandable, because a large number of tasks require a diverse fleet of equipment: access points, access level switches, firewalls, and so on.

In the case of a corporate IT infrastructure, all of these components operate on the "lower floors", providing access to users and end devices to the network.

But little is said about the network core level. The reason is quite understandable - there are fewer large organizations than small ones, so there are also fewer large corporate networks. Let's try to fill this gap. First, let's talk about the general features and then move on to specific models (description and use cases). In addition to general principles, we will analyze specific models by cogs (including literally - with a screwdriver) to see what works and how.

Let's try to crack this nut of knowledge to get to the core.

Introduction

- the corporate network can be conditionally divided into three levels:

Access level - designed to connect client devices.
The aggregation/distribution layer, which, as the name implies, is intermediate and serves for preliminary traffic control.
Network core level.

Figure 1. Corporate network layers

The core switches are located at the very center of the corporate network and provide general switching (and if necessary, routing) that connects all other segments.

Of course, each level cannot be considered separately from the previous one.

The general increase in traffic at the access layer leads to an additional load on the switches of the distribution layer, which ultimately affects the core load. Of course, situations are possible when a burst of traffic occurs locally within one segment (within the limits of one switch of the aggregation level or even the access level). But if there is a general trend towards an increase in traffic and transmitted volumes, this still leads to an increase in the load on the network core.

Therefore, it is important to consider not only current needs, but also what awaits in the future.

Features of the load in the kernel are very different from the load at the access layer. If the access level switch is tied to the work of users (who may simply not be in the office), then the core switch will have data exchange traffic between servers, storage systems, cloud systems for backup, etc. Therefore, core switches are not necessarily the fastest, but certainly the most reliable, designed for long-term loading

An important nuance - the kernel level is the most critical to downtime when performing technical work. Turning off and replacing one core level switches leads to inactivity of a large number of participants in the network exchange. Therefore, the desire to reduce the number and duration of such “stops” is quite understandable. To do this, it is necessary: firstly, to choose the optimal architecture of the future network, and secondly, to select the most suitable core switches.

Note . Given the massive nature of purchases, especially when deploying a network from scratch, an error in choosing switches for the distribution / aggregation level and even the access level can also result in significant financial losses. And although the scale of the "catastrophe" is usually estimated by the number of idle nodes for a selected period of time, the choice of equipment for the "junior" levels should be approached no less responsibly.

Features of core switches

As mentioned above, in the IT infrastructure of a corporate network, core level switches are the central link that unites other segments (usually the aggregation/distribution level, less often the access level). Most of all traffic between clients, servers, the Internet, and so on passes through the core.

Therefore, the main “skill” of the network core is not to crash at maximum load. This layer always consists of high-speed switches and routers, efficient and fault-tolerant. An important role is played by hardware, including the characteristics of the switching matrix, the performance of the processor or controller.

Note . " Generalists vs Narrow Pros" There is an opinion that for high-speed traffic transfer, core switches should not perform any packet manipulation, such as routing between VLANs, ACL (Access Control List) and so on - in such an architecture, all these functions are assigned to the aggregation/access level switches. However, it is far from always possible to build an ideal infrastructure and meet the allocated budget. Often, in practice, a certain mixed version is used, in which the kernel level and the aggregation / access level are some kind of common level.0005 core + distribution ". Of course, from the point of view of classical architecture, this looks like a flagrant deviation from the rules, but from the financial side, it is quite reasonable.

And now, in short, simple and understandable words

Simply put, core level switches are very reliable high-performance L3 or L2 + switches that can perform certain tasks, but the main thing is stable traffic transmission. Below we will elaborate on some of the nuances.

Performance

As mentioned above, packet forwarding speed and switching capacity are important characteristics for a core switch in enterprise networks. The kernel must provide the required speed and throughput.

The good news is that traffic is not taken from nowhere. That is, knowing who, what and how much you are going to connect to the network and what “thickness” the external channels will be, you can predict the upper and lower figures for the network core load. And then it's up to the choice of equipment.

Of course, corporate life sometimes throws up surprises, like the birth of new business units from the ground up or the building of new segments like private clouds. Therefore, reserving from 20 to 35% of the performance margin “for growth” and the same reserve in terms of the number of ports for the network core is not a bad idea at all. As mentioned above, justifying a stop or temporary slowdown in the operation of almost the entire corporate network in order to replace the switch in the core is another task.

Hardware reliability

Kernel design places more emphasis on redundancy than other layers. Everything seems to be clear: why and why, but let's look in more detail.

As mentioned above, the load on the core level switches has a different character than the access level. Accordingly, the temperature effect is also higher, and most importantly, it stays at the same mark. And this should be taken into account when designing the cooling system.

Another important nuance is the power supply. Having two power supplies is not a luxury, but a necessity. Of course, you can use additional "cunning" external modules ATS (Automatic Transfer of Reserve) or SmartPDU, which allow you to switch the power supply to the backup line, even if the device itself has one power supply. But what happens to the network core if the only power supply inside the switch fails? Does it need to be checked?

With a second power supply, when one of them fails, the other immediately takes over all power supply functions. That is, the standard scheme: Active-Passive is quite useful.

Much depends on the manufacturer of the power supply and the element base. If everything inside is made out of nowhere and it’s not clear how, it’s probably not worth installing such equipment at all, and even more so in the core of the network.

Attack and peak resilience

Since the core switches are the hub of the network, they must not only be able to quickly forward Ethernet frames, but also have advanced DDoS protection using layer 2 and 3 protocols. And this is not only “ evil hackers. A crookedly working network application can "make a rustle" no less than the "dark knights of the keyboard."

In addition to protection against attacks, the ability to handle peak loads is an important feature in itself. It is generally advised to avoid such configurations as meticulous access lists and packet filtering, especially against the backdrop of performance degradation. But in any case, the power reserve does not hurt.

Stack and zoom. Channel aggregation.

Of course, few people are happy with the situation when a large segment, or even the entire corporate network, does not work due to a problem with the central switch. To avoid situations when a single device combines a large number of connections and in the event of a failure nothing can take over its functions, they use redundancy and combine network equipment into a stack.

A stack is a connection of several physical switches into one "super switch" when the fault-tolerant circuit continues to work when one of the physical devices goes out.

However, on fault tolerance alone, the light did not converge like a wedge. Sooner or later, the network will grow and there will be a shortage of computing resources and free ports. Even if at the beginning switches were purchased with a good supply of ports and power, sooner or later you will still have to upgrade. The switch stack gives us the ability to add new devices to the kernel without decommissioning the old ones.

For example, the XGS4600 series supports a stack of up to 4 switches, and the XGS3700 supports a stack of up to 8. Simply put, if you have, say, two XGS4600-52F switches in the core, you can double their number, bringing their number to 4, without interrupting work networks.

It also seems to be useful to use failover protocols such as VRRP to build a failover routing scheme.

It is extremely important that other participants in the network exchange do not lose communication with the core. To do this, link aggregation is used, when several physical ports on the aggregation / distribution level switch are combined into a common UPLink and connected to two ports on the core level switches. Thus, if the connection is interrupted on one of the ports, the connection is still not lost.

QoS

“Quality of Service” (QoS) is an important feature that allows you to ensure the stable passage of certain types of traffic. For example, modern enterprises require video conferencing. Such traffic requires continuous transmission of voice and video data, unlike, for example, browsing text pages in html format. Another example is backup, when the data is in a dense stream and it is necessary to have time to transfer everything in a short “backup window”. In such cases, the use of a priority system and bandwidth limitation helps. That is, QoS.

QoS makes it possible for core switches to provide different bandwidth to different applications according to performance. Compared to traffic that is less demanding on bandwidth and time delays (such as email), critical traffic will receive a higher priority, and will be transmitted at a high speed and guaranteed low packet loss.

Management

To describe the basic principles of working with network core switches, the well-known proverb is very suitable: “Does it work? Do not touch!".

But there are situations when you need to touch, for example, when upgrading the entire network, connecting additional segments, and so on.

And, of course, it is necessary to receive data on the operation of network equipment in time.

Therefore, the core switches support a variety of monitoring and management methods ranging from SNMP to console connection.

It is also useful to have a dedicated management port (not shared with data) that can be connected to a separate VLAN or even a switch. In addition to improving security, this allows you to streamline the network architecture and maintain control even when traffic increases dramatically through the core.

Below are descriptions and performance characteristics of specific models from Zyxel. If you don’t like it when the manufacturer describes the specifications and capabilities of their own devices in their own blog and consider this “solid advertising”, you can immediately go to the next section: “Summarizing and recommendations”.

Let's look at specific models

As an example, we have chosen a line of switches designed for core and aggregation/distribution levels. Where does this dual purpose come from? It all depends on the goals and objectives, primarily on the architecture of the corporate network. There are situations when the aggregation/distribution level switches are under a load comparable to the level of the network core. For example, if routing between VLANs, access lists (ACLs), traffic filtering, and so on are actively used.

Power reserve and a wide range of options in any case will not hurt.

Which models are we talking about?

Today, the XGS4600 line includes 3 switches: XGS4600-32, XGS4600-32F, XGS4600-52F. The main difference between them is in the number and design of the ports. Below is a table that highlights the main differences and common points.

Characteristic	XGS4600–32	XGS4600-32F	XGS4600-52F
Total ports	32	32	52
Gigabit SFP	-	24	48
100/1000 Mbps	24	-	-
Gigabit combo (SFP/RJ‑45)	4	4	-
10-Gigabit SFP+	4	4	4
Switching capacity (Gbps)	136	136	176
Packet forwarding rate (Mpps)	101. 1	101.1	130.9
Packet buffer (bytes)	4 MB	4 MB	4 MB
MAC address table	32 KB	32 KB	32 KB
Transfer table L3	Max. 8K IPv4 entries; Max. 4K IPv6 entries	Max. 8K IPv4 entries; Max. 4K IPv6 entries	Max. 8K IPv4 entries; Max. 4K IPv6 entries
Routing table	12 thousand	12 thousand	12 thousand
Number of IP interfaces	256	256	256
Flash/RAM	64 MB / 1 GB	64 MB / 1 GB	64 MB / 1 GB

Below we briefly describe why these switches are suitable for use as the core of a network.

Stack and High Availability

Up to 4 switches can be physically stacked using one or two 10-Gigabit SFP+ slots. Dynamic routing is also supported to facilitate communication between subnets. This feature is very useful for large hotels, universities and other companies that use complex network infrastructure. For XGS4600 series switches, you can purchase an additional license that supports OSPFv3 and RIPng protocols for IPv6 dynamic routing.

The

XGS4600 Series is equipped with gigabit ports and four integrated 10-Gigabit SFP+ slots.

Other Security Measures

In addition to stacking, the series switches store two configuration files and two firmware images. This is a kind of protection against accidental failures. Imagine that the uploaded firmware file was corrupted while being transmitted over the network. The presence of the second file allows you to solve this problem "without unnecessary blood" by simply rebooting the device with a working firmware.

Approximately the same recovery algorithm if the configuration changes turned out to be “incompatible with life”. We just load another file - and the trick is in the bag.

Power Scheme - Two Independent Units

The

XGS4600 Series supports Active-Standby power redundancy. If the main power supply fails, the switch will operate from the backup power supply.

The power supplies themselves are from the renowned manufacturer DELTA Electronics.

What about the hardware?

The central node is the processor (CPU) - 1GHz ARM cortex-A9.
Switch controller - BCM56340.
RAM - 1GB.
Flash 64MB.

Of course, it is better to see once than to hear a hundred times (and even better to touch with your own hands). And right in the office we opened two models to see what was inside.

Below are some photos taken right at the Zyxel Russia office.

Interesting information. Zyxel does not try to "catch" its customers on trifles. "Cunning" seals, mild steel bolts (in which the slots are damaged even with the most careful unscrewing), holographic stickers and other "tricks" in order to deprive the consumer of warranty service - all this is not necessary.

Figure 2 XGS4600 Series Switches Front View: Top - XGS4600-32F, Bottom XGS4600-32

Figure 3 XGS4600 Series Switches Rear View: Top - XGS4600-32F

All core models have two power supplies.

Figure 4. Inside the XGS4600-32 switch.

Proper layout and careful mounting of boards and connectors is very important. The manufacturer should not have a desire to "shove the unpushable" into a small case.

There are powerful heatsinks and a block of three fans. It is important for network core switches to have good cooling.

Figure 5 XGS4600-32 Switch - Power Supplies.

Figure 6 XGS4600-32 switch. Fragment of the motherboard with memory chips.

Figure 7. Close up.

Figure 8. Inside the XGS4600-32F.

Figure 9. XGS4600-32F switch power supply.

Figure 10. On the right side are the UPLINK, the MGMT port for managing the switch, and the console port.

Notice the dedicated management port (OOB) - it is shown as MGMT on the panel. Unlike the console RS-232 (which is also available), this port is intended for remote control of the device over the network.

There is also a switch number indicator in the stack - Stack ID.

Various functions

As mentioned above, despite the fact that the main task of the kernel is stable operation under load, from time to time it becomes necessary to manage traffic, and this requires certain tools.

For example, VLAN support as well as QoS and access lists are pretty useful features.

A complete list of features can be found here.

Summing up and recommendations

It is impossible to grasp the immensity, so our story about core switches is coming to an end.

There are many factors that determine which core switches are best suited for the network core in any given case. However, there are some general recommendations that should be followed to avoid long network infrastructure outages.

In addition to the "bare theory", we have shown how these features look like on the example of a specific implementation. The described principles are suitable for evaluating any other network core level switches. We hope this will help in the development of new projects and the modernization of existing ones.

Useful links

Telegram chat Zyxel
Zyxel Hardware Forum
A lot of useful videos on the Youtube channel
L2, L2+ and L3 switches - what, when, where, where, how, why and why?
Zyxel L3 XGS4600 Series Switches
Building a network infrastructure based on Nebula. Part 1 - Challenges and Solutions
Building a network infrastructure based on Nebula. Part 2 - Network Example
Features of the use of managed and unmanaged switches
How SFP, SFP+ and XFP make our lives easier

Loyalty program | Cashback and levels in CityDrive

Ride and level up

The more kilometers you drive in total on CityDrive, the higher the level. The higher the level, the more cashback you can accumulate or spend.

Get cashback

It comes with drive bonuses - up to 15% of the trip cost, depending on the level.
1 drive bonus = 1 ₽.

Pay with drive bonuses

You can pay up to 60% of the cost of a trip, hull or toll road in a car with a transponder.

Video: how the loyalty program works

Become a Road Star

Levels	Car enthusiast	ringleader	Enthusiast	Machine Man	Road Star
How many km do you need to drive	0	200	800	2000	4000
Cashback for trips	3%	5%	7%	10%	15%
Payment with drive bonuses	up to 25%	up to 30%	up to 40%	up to 50%	up to 60%
Casco*

Scroll

Newcomers get increased cashback

In the first 30 days after registration, you are a Researcher. This is the starting level with cool conditions.

10%

cashback drive bonuses for trips

25%

of the cost of the trip can be paid with drive bonuses

How to find out your level and how much to the next one?

Go to the "Loyalty program" section from the side menu in the application. See who you are, how far you have traveled and when to upgrade.

How to spend drive bonuses instead of saving them?

Turn on the write-off of drive bonuses in the "Loyalty program" section or when booking - in payment methods.

Where can I see how much cashback will come?

All in the same place - in the "Loyalty program" section.

Also, the amount of cashback is visible when booking, if you decide not to spend drive bonuses.

Application

Once again about the rules

and other subtleties

The greater your total mileage in Citydrive, the higher the level in the loyalty program. The higher the level, the more drive bonuses you can receive as cashback or spend on trips.

Learn more about the loyalty program in the video.

Full rules

Researcher - temporary level for the first 30 days after being approved by Citydrive:
- cashback with drive bonuses — 10% of the cost of the trip;
- Up to 25% of the trip can be paid with drive bonuses.
Car enthusiast:
- cashback - 3%;
- Up to 25% of the trip can be paid with drive bonuses.
Starter - given for a total mileage of 200 km or more:
- cashback - 5%;
- Up to 30% of the trip can be paid with drive bonuses.
Enthusiast - given for total mileage over 800 km:
- cashback — 7%;
- Up to 40% of the trip can be paid with drive bonuses.
Man-machine - given for a total mileage of 2000 km or more:
- cashback — 10%;
- up to 50% of the trip can be paid with drive bonuses;
- Casco - free of charge.
Road star - given for a total mileage of 4000 km or more:
- cashback — 15%;
- up to 60% of the trip can be paid with drive bonuses;
- Casco - free of charge.

Drive bonuses can be partially paid for:

a trip at a per-minute rate and rates from 2 hours;
Casco and subscription;
travel on a toll road in a car with a transponder.

From 25 to 60% - depends on the level and number of drive bonuses on the account.

How much is debited, and the remaining amount - from the card. Let's say you have 300 drive bonuses and a Road Star level with payment up to 60% of the cost of the trip. If the trip costs 1000 ₽, your drive bonuses will only be enough for 30% of its cost. The remaining 700 ₽ will be debited from the card.

No, on trips you can either accumulate drive bonuses or spend them.

Yes, if you have not used Citydrive for more than 9 years0 days. For example, they didn’t take a car or didn’t buy a subscription.

Old rating levels and privileges have been updated for all users:

if you registered less than a year ago, haven't ridden yet and you had level 0, you became an Explorer;
levels -2, -1 and 0 with trips - now Car enthusiast;
1, 2 and 3 - Ringleader;
4, 5 and 6 - Enthusiast;
7 and 8 - Machine Man;
9 - Star of the road.

If you accumulated a lot of rating points, everything that ran over 3000 was converted into drive bonuses. For example, if there were 3500 points, there were 500 drive bonuses.

Starting from the second subscription trip, you will receive +3% cashback on the loyalty program. For example, if you are an Enthusiast and receive 7%, with VK Combo there will be 10%.

No, you have to choose one thing on every trip.

If you want to use drive bonuses but pay with the same Sber card:

choose bonuses from SberThanks as a payment method when booking a car or buying a subscription;
click "Customize";
turn off bonuses from SberThanks and click "Save".
Learn more