Letter names and sounds

Worksheets | TPT

by

Speechy Musings

$15.00

Target perspective taking and making inferences and predictions using real pictures with this resource! This resource includes 100 real life picture cards that allow you to provide effective, direct teaching on how to make inferences from picture scenes.Each card includes a visual across the top outlining the "Look", "Think", "Infer", "Predict" strategy (along with sentence starters for students to provide increased support). Next to the photo, there are four questions that require your students

Subjects:

School Counseling, Special Education, Speech Therapy

Grades:

K - 6th

Types:

Activities, Printables

Also included in: Real Pictures Resource Bundle for Speech Therapy

by

The Moffatt Girls

This Reading Comprehension Packet is filled with 20 booklets and 20 response sheets to help build comprehension. This packet is designed to build comprehension for emergent readers and early readers and is perfect for K-1 students. Also Included in the download: Teacher Edition for printing multiple copies! Just print, stack, staple and cut! ⭐️ If you like this Reading Comprehension Packet, be sure to check out our Monthly Reading Comprehension Checks! THE BUNDLE⭐️ September⭐️ October⭐️ Novem

Subjects:

Reading, Short Stories

Grades:

K - 1st

Types:

Centers, Printables, Worksheets

by

Lucky Little Learners

This pack of handwriting pages gives your students the handwriting practice they need in an engaging way. They will build writing stamina, review letter & number formation, and practice sight words while learning new jokes and fun facts!⭐️DOWNLOAD THE PREVIEW FILE TO SEE THIS HANDWRITING RESOURCE IN DETAIL⭐️Read more about how I use handwriting practice sheets here.Need letter & handwriting practice that’s not “baby-ish?”The silly jokes and fun facts will engage your students while they

Subjects:

Balanced Literacy, Handwriting, Writing

Grades:

1st - 3rd

Types:

Independent Work Packet, Printables, Worksheets

by

Pathway 2 Success

$14. 00

Use these lessons to get kids' self-control skills in shape! Activities focus on understanding self-control, impulse control, stopping and thinking to make a decision, waiting our turn, following rules and directions, staying motivated, doing our best work, managing emotions, using coping strategies, and practicing self-control to strengthen skills over time. Other skills that impact self-control are also addressed, including planning, time management, and perseverance.Digital VersionUpdated to

Subjects:

School Counseling, Social Emotional Learning, Special Education

Grades:

4th - 8th

Types:

Lesson, Printables

by

Teaching Trove

$242.00

$20.00

This massive bundle of 123 first and second grade literacy centers provides the perfect way to provide engaging, differentiated ELA practice all year long.Each center follows a similar format, making it perfect for independent practice, leaving you with more time to teach with fewer interruptions!Great for centers or fast finishers, with this bundle you’ll be able to easily differentiate for the needs of all your students with a massive selection of games to choose from. Each common core aligned

Subjects:

English Language Arts, Phonics, Spelling

Grades:

1st - 2nd

CCSS:

RF.1.1a, RF.1.2, RF.1.2a, RF.1.2b, RF.1.2c…

by

A Teachable Teacher

$25.00

$20.00

Bundle

All-in-One Reading Passages give your students the opportunity to practice phonics and fluency with these reading comprehension passages and questions. The best part? It requires no prep on your end! Now including original PDF + NEW digital versions of each phonics reading passage for distance learning!Each reading passage gives your students the opportunity to practice a targeted phonics skill in the context of reading. Each phonics passage also builds fluency and comprehension. It’s the bundle

Subjects:

ELA Test Prep, Phonics, Reading

Grades:

1st - 2nd

Types:

English (UK), Guided Reading Books, Printables

by

Teaching With a Mountain View

$27. 54

$19.99

Bundle

Read and comprehend fiction and informational text with the ultimate read and review bundle. This is the best reading skill review bundle for the ENTIRE YEAR.Rapid Read and Review is the perfect way to engage your students in relevant and rigorous review of reading skills! This review bundle is the perfect way to keep your students' reading skills sharp OR to help you teach the skills. It can be used in centers, small groups, whole class, or as homework to review essential informational text com

Subjects:

Close Reading, English Language Arts, Reading Strategies

Grades:

4th - 5th

Types:

Activities, Centers

CCSS:

RL.4.1, RL.4.2, RL.4.3, RL.4.4, RL.4.5…

by

Especially Education

If you are looking for an individual schedule book, visual schedules, or a first then board, this Positive Behavior Support resource has it all! Please note: All editable files are compatible with Microsoft PowerPoint. Some pages may now be edited using Google Slides.Included in this download: - 6-tabbed and 2-tabbed flip book options- 200+ visual schedule icons (these are not editable)- First then board (separate from flip book)- First next then board (separate from flip book)- Token boards (wi

Subjects:

Back to School, Special Education, Speech Therapy

Grades:

PreK - 2nd

Types:

Activities

Also included in: BUNDLE: First Then Board & Visual Schedule Flip Books (clipart + real pictures)

by

Miss DeCarbo

$12.99

This sight word reading intervention resource contains 55 fluency passages that are packed with targeted sight words. If you have students who are struggling to read their sight words fluently and smoothly, this resource is for you! This is also great for students who know their sight words after orthographically mapping the words, but need additional practice in reading these words and getting multiple exposure to them. How does the fluency intervention work?1) Students go on a "sight word hunt

Subjects:

EFL - ESL - ELD, English Language Arts, Reading

Grades:

1st - 3rd

Types:

Activities, Independent Work Packet, Printables

Also included in: Sight Word Fluency MEGA BUNDLE for Distance Learning

by

Ciera Harris Teaching

$26.99

Reading interventions don't have to be time-consuming. Quick, easy, and specific activities can help students achieve their reading goals! My Reading Comprehension Interventions resource is just that! Digital and Print are both available! Each page is designed to be completed in no more than 10 minutes! There are 120 student pages with 12 different reading skills included. Each student page comes with a 1/2 page teacher lesson plan. (60 pages of lesson plans) This is great for volunteers, s

Subjects:

Close Reading, Reading, Reading Strategies

Grades:

2nd - 4th

Types:

Activities, Printables

Also included in: Reading and Math Interventions (Print & Digital)

by

Pocket of Preschool

Fine motor journals are a fun way to teach pre-writing skills, handwriting foundations, and strengthen fine motor muscles. There are so many fine motor activities you can do in a journal! It's like a mini-portfolio of all their fine motor activities all organized and in one place making it easy to visually see student growth. Here are some activities to do in fine motor journals: writing types of lines/letters (aka fun handwriting), name activities, letter activities, number activities, stamp ac

Subjects:

English Language Arts

Grades:

PreK - K

Types:

Activities

Also included in: Preschool, Pre-K, and Kindergarten Complete Curriculum BUNDLE

by

Digital Divide and Conquer

Project Based Learning: GEOMETROCITY! Build a City Made of Math with Geometry.Imagine, Design, and Build a City with this 2D and 3D Adventure!-Project Based Learning-Real World Application-Geometry, Maps, & More -Extension Activities -Differentiated Levels***THIS RESOURCE IS NOW DIGITAL!***There is a link to a Google Slides Version. Details below. *This resource can be used for distance learning and e-learning.*Geometrocity is a project based learning activity where students will take their

Subjects:

Critical Thinking, Geometry, Math

Grades:

3rd - 7th

Types:

Activities, Printables, Projects

Also included in: The Project Based Learning Bundle! 14 PBL Activities

by

Teaching With a Mountain View

Informational Text Reading Skills and Close Reading Task Cards for Comprehension Skill ReviewEngage your readers with high-interest reading comprehension passages and corresponding questions! This resource includes 32 half-page informational text task cards with 4 comprehension questions and tasks on EACH card for a total of 128 informational text questions! Engage your students in meaningful close reading practice and review key reading skills associated with informational and nonfiction text

Subjects:

ELA Test Prep, English Language Arts, Informational Text

Grades:

3rd - 5th

Types:

Centers, Task Cards

CCSS:

RI. 3.1, RI.3.2, RI.3.3, RI.3.4, RI.3.5…

Also included in: Reading Comprehension Task Card Bundle | Digital and Printable

by

Pocket of Preschool

Make learning all about the Weather fun and hands on in your classroom! Use a small table or a small bookshelf to create an engaging science center full of hands on materials for students to explore and investigate using the included printables, vocabulary cards, book, anchor charts, and discovery pages (science journal pages)! Included is a read aloud book for circle time, anchor charts, and a suggested book list. There is even a half page note you can send home to families, so they can continu

Subjects:

Science, Spring, Summer

Grades:

PreK - K

Types:

Activities, Centers, Printables

Also included in: Preschool, Pre-K, and Kindergarten Complete Curriculum BUNDLE

by

Brenda Tejeda

Ever have students who are just not learning their high-frequency sight words fast enough, despite everything you've tried? How about students who can read sight words on flashcards, but have difficulty recognizing them in context? These cards provide fluency, recognition, and sight word practice in context!⭐️⭐⭐️⭐️⭐️"THANK YOU! This is such a fantastic resource, especially for a first-year teacher! I feel like I have a million things to learn and keep track of, and this resource made my life a l

Subjects:

English Language Arts, Reading Strategies, Spelling

Grades:

K - 2nd

Types:

Assessment, Centers, Flash Cards

CCSS:

RF. K.3, RF.K.4, RF.1.3, RF.1.4, RF.2.3…

Also included in: BUNDLE: Digital and Printable Sight Word Fluency Cards | Distance Learning

by

Teach Create Motivate

$29.75

Classroom behavior management can be a doozy! These classroom management bingo boards are fun and engaging to help students stay engaged and focused. I love changing up what I use in my classroom to help my students manage behaviors.  ❤️Your students will LOVE the different bingo boards for different classroom behavior expectations. They can be used by the whole group and there are small group and individual boards also included. Simply print out the board of your choice in the theme you want al

Subjects:

Back to School, Classroom Community, Classroom Management

Grades:

K - 6th

Types:

Printables

Also included in: Classroom Management Games Bundle - Digital Games

by

The Moffatt Girls

Summer Review NO PREP Packet is filled with hands-on, engaging and FUN resources that get kids excited about learning! This packet covers basic and age appropriate skills for Preschool/ TK! This is a great way to get Preschoolers ready for TK and/or Kindergarten! The best part is that there is NO PREP! NO costly closed ink, NO laminating, NO cutting…Just PRINT! Kindergarten Version: HERE1st Grade Version: HERE2nd Grade Version: HERE3rd Grade Version: HEREUse this packet for students who just f

Subjects:

Holidays/Seasonal, Math, Summer

Grades:

PreK - K

Types:

Centers, Printables, Worksheets

by

Hanging with Mrs Hulsey

Are you looking for a math bulletin board or a math talk bulletin board? This is the perfect product for you!This math bulletin board comes with many useful items (I use them throughout the year-- NOT all at once). I also liked to space out the pieces and hang them throughout my room (or on an anchor chart) for my students to reference all year long! You can use this math board for:Math talksMath centersGoal settingLearning the steps of problem solvingDisplaying student data and growthSolving wo

Subjects:

Basic Operations, Math, Word Problems

Grades:

2nd - 6th

Types:

Bulletin Board Ideas, Centers, Printables

Also included in: School Subjects Bulletin Board Bundle

by

Education to the Core

$20.00

$12.00

Education to the Core heard your calls and developed an entire resource dedicated to phonics-based I SPY Activities - updated to include 84 activity pages!Beyond just the phonics skills practice, these worksheets help your students strengthen their visual discrimination, while building their attention and focus skills. (It takes some time and patience to find all of the images in each activity.)Just imagine how quiet your classroom will be! This is such an engaging activity, your students will b

Subjects:

Phonics, Spelling, Vocabulary

Grades:

K - 2nd

Types:

Activities, Printables, Worksheets

by

Deedee Wills

$10. 00

Handwriting practice and instruction is here! Fluently being able to write letters leads to great gains in reading. Brain research supports the need for explicit handwriting and path of motion instruction and links proper handwriting to better student writing results! Quick, concise, easy to implement! My kind of handwriting instruction. HANDWRITING LESSONS IS NOT JUST ONE MORE THING!When you teach students handwriting while teaching phonics, students will build muscle memory kinestheticall

Subjects:

Balanced Literacy, English Language Arts, Handwriting

Grades:

PreK - 1st

Types:

Activities, Printables

CCSS:

L.K.1a

by

Especially Education

$21.00

$16.80

Bundle

Before you download please note that this download includes:Visual SchedulesHelpful HandoutsVisuals & Positive Behavior SupportsData SheetsAlong with the stress of teaching, Special Educators often spend countless hours making icons, visuals, schedules, positive behavior supports, data sheets, etc. Make your school year a bit easier with this Life-Changing Special Education Bundle:- token board templates- positive behavior supports- first/then charts- reinforcement icons- visual schedules- s

Subjects:

Back to School, Classroom Management, Special Education

Grades:

PreK - 4th

Types:

Assessment, Handouts

by

Patricia Pat Resources

Is writing complete sentences or sentence structure a struggle for your students? If so, you’ll love how these sentence building worksheets will help you teach how to write complete sentences.✏️ The many visuals in the worksheet will help your students COMPREHEND and REMEMBER the correct sentence structure. ✏️ This is a no-prep resource that even reluctant writers will love, plus you will save a lot of time with THREE Differentiations and Scaffolding done for you.✏️ These hands-on worksheets wil

Subjects:

EFL - ESL - ELD, English Language Arts, Special Education

Grades:

K - 2nd

Types:

Centers, Homeschool Curricula, Homework

CCSS:

RF. 1.1a, SL.1.6, L.K.1f, L.1.1c, L.1.2b

Also included in: Sentence Writing Center | Complete Sentences | Sentence Structure | Small Groups

by

Jillian Starr

Math Word Wall Grade 3: Help your 3rd grade students remember these essential math vocabulary terms with this visual math word wall, while brightening up your classroom at the same time! Included are 199 visual math vocabulary cards for the ENTIRE YEAR. These cards help students remember key vocabulary with clear visuals and student-friendly definitions. Math Word Walls are the perfect reference tool for any classroom!Be sure to check out 3rd Grade ELA Word Walls! They are the perfect compani

Subjects:

Basic Operations, Math, Place Value

Grades:

Types:

Bulletin Board Ideas, Centers, Word Walls

CCSS:

3.MD.A.2, 3.MD.B.3, 3.MD.B.4, 3.MD.C.5, 3.MD.C.5a…

Also included in: Math Word Wall Bundle 3rd Grade - Vocabulary Cards

by

Brenda Tejeda

$17. 00

$10.00

This is a bundle of picture word sorts, perfect for phonics and word work!**NO PREP** Simply copy the sorting page you want to use, place in your word work center, and students cut and glue into notebooks. So easy to change this center from week to week! **Differentiate by assigning different numbers of categories (columns)⭐️⭐⭐️⭐️⭐️ “Easy prep word work centers for first grade. I love that there is different options for different phonics skills. This allows for differentiation. The kiddos are en

Subjects:

English Language Arts, Phonics, Spelling

Grades:

K - 2nd

Types:

Centers, Interactive Notebooks, Printables

CCSS:

RF.K.1b, RF.K.2b, RF.K.2c, RF.K.2d, RF.K.3…

Also included in: Phonics Sorts Pocket Chart Cards and Interactive Notebook Bundle

When to Teach Letter Names

by Shirley Houston

I recently received an email posing this question:

We are teaching systematic phonics to our little ones, but we are conflicted as when to teach letter names. When and how should letter names be taught to children?”

The timing of the introduction of letter names is important, so I’ll frame my thoughts using the Goldilocks principle – not too early, not too late, but at just the right time. It is a developmental concern, rather than a grade/year- or age-related concern.

Not Too Early

Should you teach letter names or sounds first?

Letters are used as a code for the sounds in our speech so are meaningless without knowledge of the sounds. Any squiggle/shape could represent a sound, for example:

Letter names provide abstract labels for the letters, not representations of how the letters actually sound within our language. That is why teaching a child to sing the alphabet song before the child receives formal reading instruction has limited value. The first important step towards literacy success is development of phonemic awareness and not letter name singing.

Why not teach letter names and sounds together?

So, if letters make no sense without sounds, why not teach letter sounds and names side by side? The simple answer is because of the cognitive load. Working memory has to work hardest when a task is novel and therefore has a heavy cognitive load. For the beginning learner, identifying individual sounds in a word, from left to right, is quite a novel task. Forming letter shapes and discriminating between letter shapes are novel tasks. Remembering the name of a letter is a novel task. Linking a specific letter with a specific sound is a novel task.

Is it any wonder that some children, especially those with a weak working memory, struggle with reading and spelling? Cognitive load theory makes it clear that we can and should do what is necessary to reduce cognitive load. It is not necessary for school beginners to know the names of letters for reading and spelling, so, in my opinion, the teaching of letter names should be postponed until letter names are necessary. This allows students to begin to write and read more quickly.

Teach letter-sound correspondences initially, without teaching letter names

Students need to learn letter-sound correspondences for reading and spelling. When a beginning reader is learning the single letter-sound correspondences, you do have to talk about the squiggles we make for sound symbols as ‘letters’, but that does not mean that you should refer to the letter names. Instead, the teacher can say:

When the child is spelling, the prompt can be:

Teaching letter names too early can confuse beginning readers

Letter names will not help a child to decode words: the word ‘cat’ is not read as ‘seeaytee’. While some may argue that teachers can use aspects of letter names as cues for students to identify the sounds they represent, the potential for confusion outweighs any benefits if letter names are introduced too early.

Children learning to read who have received more instruction in letter names than letter sounds are more likely to look at a word and read:

If they are taught letter names before letter sounds, beginning readers will expect vowel letters to represent a long vowel sound in words, reading, for example, ‘got’ as ‘goat’. The most common sound represented by a vowel letter is its short sound, and it is usually VC and CVC words, containing short vowel sounds, to which beginning readers are first exposed.

…and beginning spellers

Children learning to spell who have received more instruction in letter names than letter sounds are more likely to use letter names in their spelling e.g.

Not Too Late

It will be harder for a teacher to help children who have not been taught letter names with their spelling. In the photo below, you can see what a five-year-old, who doesn’t know the letter names, produced when she asked how to spell ‘bean’ and the parent responded with letter names:

If a child asks how to spell the long /ee/ sound in ‘beach’, it is not appropriate to say “Write /eh/ then /ah/”, because blending those sounds together does not create the long /ee/ sound. You must use letter names e. g. “We spell the long /ee/ sound in ‘beach’ with the letter ‘e’ followed by the letter ‘a’. They make a vowel team.” Similarly, if you ask a child how ‘seek’ is spelled, it is not sufficient for the child to say “/s/, long /ee/, /k/” because there are several possible spellings for each of those sounds. Developing the language that allows discussion of letter-sound correspondences is important to reading and spelling success.

When you are helping a child to encode or decode an irregular tricky word, you need to be able to draw attention to the parts that are not regular, for example by saying “The letters ‘a’ and ‘i’ together in this word, ‘said’, are representing the short /e/ sound.” Irregular words cannot be fully sounded out so knowledge of letter-sound correspondences is insufficient.

Just the Right Time

Research indicates that letter name instruction will actually strengthen letter sound knowledge. When a student understands the way in which the alphabetic code works, letter names become important. Many letters have more than one possible sound, and many sounds can be produced by a variety of different letters, so it is important to be able to reference each letter independently of the sound it makes.

Teach letter names when they are needed:

• To talk about alternative spellings
  Teach letter names as soon as you need to talk about alternate spellings in reading and/or spelling. Typically, the first time you need to do this will be when students learn that ‘c’, ‘k’ and ‘ck’ are all alternatives for spelling /k/. You will need to talk about where children will see these alternatives:

  e.g.

  “We usually see the letter ‘k’ representing /k/ before an ‘e’ or ‘i’ at the beginning of a word.”

  “The letter ’c’ usually represents /k/ before an ‘a’, ‘o’ or ‘u’.”

  “We use the letters ‘c’ and ‘k’ together after a weak vowel at the end of a word.”

  Letter names must be taught for discussion of digraphs e. g. “Because we have 44 sounds but only 26 letters in English, we have to combine some letters. The two-letter combination of ‘c’ and ‘h’ represents the sound /ch/.” When the alternative spellings of long /ee/ are taught (ea, ee, ie, ei, ey) it is no longer sufficient to just refer to ‘two-letter e’ – you must name the vowels that can be combined to represent a vowel sound, and their order.

• To talk about capital letters
  If you are teaching students about the use of a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence or name, you must refer to a letter name. There is no such thing as a capital sound! You will also need to refer to letter names when helping children to recognise letters when reading text in different fonts.

• To communicate the spelling of a word to someone else
  Familiarity with letter names allows the teacher to respond, from a distance, to the question “How do I spell the /ie/ in ‘night’?” with “It’s the i-g-h spelling”, rather than having to go and write it down for the child. When someone asks you to spell your name, do you give him/her the sounds of your name or do you provide the letter names? Of course, you give the latter. Not to do so would require the person to go through every alternative representations of the sounds and make a choice. That could take a lot of time if your name was derived from another alphabet, like ‘Siobhan’! Consequently, a teacher may have to teach specific letter names earlier to a child with a name that cannot be sounded out easily or has an unusual spelling.

• To teach homophones
  When the sounds of two words are the same, you must be able to describe them using their letter names. e.g. “The ‘bean’ you eat is spelled with the letters ‘e’ and ‘a’, as in the word ‘eat’. The other ‘been’ is the past tense of ‘be’ and is spelled with two e’s.”

How Do You Teach Letter Names?

Follow the order of your synthetic phonics program in choosing which letter names to teach, when. Using our earlier example, the c/k/ck alternative spellings of /k/ are the first typically met in a synthetic phonics program (in level 6 of Phonics Hero’s Playing with Sounds order and level 2A of Letters and Sounds, so these should probably be taught first, then the letters that make up consonant digraphs (l, s, f, h, t, w, n and g).

Teach the most common letter names first, the less common letter names last (q, z, x.). Every syllable of every word must have a vowel sound and there are many alternative spellings of vowel sounds, so it is very important that students have a sound knowledge of these.

In order to have true fluency in letter recognition, children must be able to identify letters and say their names in and outside of context and in and out of sequence. It’s not just accuracy, but also automaticity, that contributes to long-term literacy success. Here are a few ideas for developing automaticity in letter naming:

• Direct instruction: “This letter’s name is __. What letter is it? Point to another ___ on the board.”
• Teach letter names alongside letter formation. Have the child say the name of the letter as he or she writes it.

• Have a letter of the day and reward the child for finding that letter in the classroom, in a shared book, etc. Print our free Letter of the Day poster and use it to display the letter at the front of your classroom.

  
  

• Letter searches: “Circle each letter ‘p’ in this line of letters.”

  
  
• Bingo: Call out a letter name and have the child place a counter on the corresponding letter. We’ve created a free Letter Name Bingo template you can use.
• Have the student pull a letter out of a mystery bag, a sandbox etc and name it.
• Use the child’s name and other family names to practise letter recognition.
• Print out letters on paper or write them with chalk. Have children jump on/run to a letter when you call out a letter name.

Once the student can accurately name all 26 letters, return your focus to letter-sound correspondences. There are many more sounds than letters to learn and knowledge of those correspondences are key to reading and spelling successfully!

Still have questions about how or when to teach letter names to children? Leave us a comment below!

Author: Shirley Houston

Sounds and letters of the Russian language - scheme, table, transcription

Contents:
• What is sound?
• What sounds are there?
• How are sounds pronounced?
• Transcription of the word
• Color scheme

Sounds belong to the phonetics section. The study of sounds is included in any school curriculum in the Russian language. Acquaintance with sounds and their main characteristics occurs in the lower grades. A more detailed study of sounds with complex examples and nuances takes place in middle and high school. This page provides only basic knowledge of the sounds of the Russian language in a compressed form. If you need to study the device of the speech apparatus, the tonality of sounds, articulation, acoustic components and other aspects that are beyond the scope of the modern school curriculum, refer to specialized textbooks and textbooks on phonetics.

What is sound?

Sound, like words and sentences, is the basic unit of language. However, the sound does not express any meaning, but reflects the sound of the word. Thanks to this, we distinguish words from each other. Words differ in the number of sounds (port - sport, crow - funnel), set of sounds (lemon - estuary, cat - mouse), sequence of sounds (nose - dream, bush - knock) up to a complete mismatch of sounds (boat - boat, forest - park ).

What sounds are there?

In Russian, sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. There are 33 letters and 42 sounds in Russian: 6 vowels, 36 consonants, 2 letters (ь, ъ) do not indicate a sound. The discrepancy in the number of letters and sounds (not counting b and b) is due to the fact that there are 6 sounds for 10 vowels, 36 sounds for 21 consonants (if we take into account all combinations of consonant sounds deaf / voiced, soft / hard). On the letter, the sound is indicated in square brackets.
There are no sounds: [e], [e], [yu], [i], [b], [b], [g '], [w '], [c '], [th], [h ], [sch].

How are sounds pronounced?

We pronounce sounds while exhaling (only in the case of the interjection "a-a-a", expressing fear, the sound is pronounced while inhaling. ). The division of sounds into vowels and consonants is related to how a person pronounces them. Vowel sounds are pronounced by the voice due to the exhaled air passing through the tense vocal cords and freely exiting through the mouth. Consonant sounds consist of noise or a combination of voice and noise due to the fact that the exhaled air meets an obstacle in its path in the form of a bow or teeth. Vowel sounds are pronounced loudly, consonant sounds are muffled. A person is able to sing vowel sounds with his voice (exhaled air), raising or lowering the timbre. Consonant sounds cannot be sung, they are pronounced equally muffled. Hard and soft signs do not represent sounds. They cannot be pronounced as an independent sound. When pronouncing a word, they affect the consonant in front of them, make it soft or hard.

Transcription of a word

Transcription of a word is a recording of sounds in a word, that is, in fact, a record of how the word is pronounced correctly. Sounds are enclosed in square brackets. Compare: a is a letter, [a] is a sound. The softness of consonants is indicated by an apostrophe: p - letter, [p] - hard sound, [p '] - soft sound. Voiced and voiceless consonants are not marked in writing. The transcription of the word is written in square brackets. Examples: door → [dv'er '], thorn → [kal'uch'ka]. Sometimes stress is indicated in transcription - an apostrophe before a vowel stressed sound.

There is no clear correspondence between letters and sounds. In the Russian language, there are many cases of substitution of vowel sounds depending on the place of stress of a word, substitution of consonants or dropping out of consonant sounds in certain combinations. When compiling a transcription of a word, the rules of phonetics are taken into account.

Color scheme

In phonetic parsing, words are sometimes drawn with color schemes: letters are painted with different colors depending on what sound they mean. Colors reflect the phonetic characteristics of sounds and help you visualize how a word is pronounced and what sounds it consists of.

All vowels (stressed and unstressed) are marked with a red background. Iotated vowels are marked green-red: green means a soft consonant sound [y ‘], red means the vowel following it. Consonants with solid sounds are colored blue. Consonants with soft sounds are colored green. Soft and hard signs are painted in gray or not painted at all.

- vowel, - vowel iot - hard consonant, - soft consonant, - soft or hard consonant, - does not mean a sound.

The blue-green color is not used in the schemes for phonetic analysis, since a consonant cannot be both soft and hard at the same time. The blue-green color in the table above is only used to show that the sound can be either soft or hard.

Words with the letter ё must be written through ё. Phonetic parsing of the words "everything" and "everything" will be different!

Vowel sounds and letters.

We will teach you how to write without mistakes and tell stories in an interesting way

Start learning

The correct pronunciation of words is one of the components of a beautiful and literate speech. To achieve this, you will first have to study the sounds themselves. In this article, we will figure out together what vowel sounds are, how many vowels are in the alphabet of the Russian language, and what sounds they can represent.

What are vowels and sounds

Vowel sounds are those sounds that we freely convey with our voice. Hence their name comes from: voice means "voice". When pronouncing, air exits through the mouth and does not create noise, and the position of the tongue and lips determines which vowel sound we will pronounce.

There are much fewer vowels in Russian than consonants. There are 6 of them in total: [a], [o], [i], [s], [y] and [e]. To understand whether a vowel sound is in front of you or not, try to sing it. For example:

• a-a-a ,

• woo

• s-s-s .

If it works, then the sound is a vowel. You can't do that with consonants.

There are more vowels than sounds - there are 10 of them: a, i, u, u, o, e, e, e, i, s . This difference is due to the fact that some of these letters can represent two sounds and are pronounced using a combination of a vowel and a consonant [y']. For example, in word spruce the letter e expresses two sounds - [y'] and [e]. Let's look at the table all the vowel sounds and the letters that represent them.

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All the rules of the Russian language at hand

How vowels are related to syllables

Vowels form syllables - sound segments of words that we pronounce with one breath. One syllable can be either a vowel with one or more consonants, or a vowel alone. There is even a rule by which syllables can be counted: how many vowels in a word - so many syllables.

For example, in the word journey there are 5 vowels: [u], [i], [e], [i] and [e]. This means that it has 5 syllables: p-te-she-stvi-e .

Test yourself!

Count the number of syllables in the words: try on, tanner, well-groomed, care, prefix, capital, wet, invitation, orange .

Vowel sounds and stress

Now let's see what groups vowel sounds are divided into. Sometimes their pronunciation depends on whether the stress falls on them, that is, whether we single them out with our voice. So vowel sounds are divided into stressed and unstressed. Here are some examples:

Stress in Russian can fall on any of the existing vowel sounds. However, only 4 of them can be unstressed - these are [a], [i], [y] and [s]. In this position, we pronounce sounds weaker than under stress, because of which they can change qualities and sound differently.

Interestingly, the vowels [o] and [e] can only be stressed. There are only a couple of exceptions to this rule: for example, in words cocoa and canoe sounds [o] and [e] in an unstressed position.

How unstressed vowels are related to consonants

How an unstressed vowel sounds depends on the consonant that precedes it. Or rather, from its hardness or softness. If it is a hard consonant, it can be followed by unstressed vowels [y], [a] and [s]. When we talk about a soft consonant, it is followed by unstressed vowels [y] and [and].

Test yourself

It's time to find out if you now understand well what vowel sounds are in Russian. To do this, we have prepared tasks for self-examination.

Task 1

List all the vowels in these words:

Task 2

Name 5 words each in which the sounds [a], [i], [y] and [s] would be in a stressed position.

Task 3

Name 5 words in which an unstressed vowel would come after a hard consonant, and 5 more words where it would follow a soft consonant.

Task 4

Count the number of syllables in the words below (don't forget to use the rule you learned at the beginning of the article!):

• weightless,

• sunrise,

• adventure,

• painter,

• perpetuate,

• nice,

• image,

• category,

• exciting,

• melting,

• snowflake.

The rules of phonetics help us to speak correctly, so it is important to master the topic of vowels well and avoid gaps in knowledge.

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